Freshwater Microcosms-Based Assessment of Eco-toxicological Effects of a Chemical Effluent from the Pilcam Industry in Cameroon
Abstract
:Introduction
Materials and Methods
Data Analysis
Results and Discussion
Effect of Pilcam Effluent on Fish
Effect of Pilcam Effluent on Microcosm Water Quality
TAXA | MICROCOSM | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 1.6% | 8% | 16% | |
(v/v} | (v/v} | (v/v} | ||
Phytoplancton (Cells/ml ) | ||||
CyAnophytA | ||||
Oscillatoria tenuis | 105490 | 7988 | 58242 | 83876 |
Oscillatoria putrida | 308 | 50 | 142 | 98 |
CHLOROPHYTA | ||||
Monographidium contortum | 77 | 202 | / | / |
Monographidium griffithii | 154 | / | 77 | / |
Scenedesmus sp. | / | / | / | 308 |
CHROMOPHYTA | ||||
Cyclotella meneghiniani | 77 | 10 | 142 | 308 |
Zooplancton (Cells /100ml) | ||||
CILIATES | ||||
Strombidium gyrans | 5500 | 630 | 10588 | 12374 |
Coleps hirtus | 725 | 256 | 2751 | 595 |
Disematostoma sp. | 25 | 59 | 2497 | 127 |
Uronema sp. | 125 | 98 | 393 | 64 |
Urocentrum turbo | 725 | 20 | 259 | 535 |
Prorodon ovalis | 150 | 20 | / | / |
Pleurotricha lanceolata | / | 20 | 46 | / |
Litonotus sp. | / | / | / | / |
Paramecium africanum | / | 20 | / | / |
Euplotes amieti | / | / | 139 | / |
Dileptus sp. | / | / | 23 | / |
ROTIFERS | ||||
Dicranophorus caudatus | 25 | / | 23 | / |
Brachionus angularis | / | 39 | 92 | / |
Rotaria rotaria | / | 39 | 23 | / |
Anureopsis fissa | / | 20 | / | 85 |
Macrotrachella sp. | / | / | 46 | 21 |
Asplanchna sp. | / | / | / | 85 |
COPEPODA | 75 | / | / | 85 |
OSTRACODA | 100 | / | 46 | 340 |
BENTHIC MACRO-INVERTÉBRATES (n/100ml) | ||||
PLANARIA | 25 | / | 116 | 127 |
NEMATODS | 75 | 25 | 116 | 20 |
ANNELIDS | ||||
Tubifex sp1. | 350 | 216 | 162 | 85 |
Tubifex sp2. | 225 | 59 | 92 | / |
SNAILS (n/ 40 liters ) | ||||
Lymnea sp. | 84 | 69 | 77 | 98 |
Bulinus sp. | / | 4 | 1 | 1 |
Physa sp. | / | / | 2 | 9 |
Biomphalaria sp. | 4 | / | 5 | 3 |
Effluent concentration (%v/v) | No. of fish exposed | No. a of fish dead at | |
---|---|---|---|
48h | 96h | ||
20 | 20 | 8 | 18 |
18 | 20 | 4 | 16 |
16 | 20 | 4 | 12 |
17 | 20 | 2 | 8 |
14 | 20 | 0 | 6 |
0 | 20 | 0 | 0 |
LC50 (%v/v) estimated by probit analysis. | 20.8 | 16.0 | |
95% Confidence limits | 18.9 - 49.8 | 13.4 - 17.2 | |
LC90 (%v/v) estimated by probit analysis. | 26.6 | 20.7 | |
95% Confidence limits | 21.9 - 237.2 | 18.6 - 34.3 | |
Slope of probit line | 12 | 11 |
Effluent concentration (% v/v) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Control | 1.6 | 8.0 | 16.0 | |
Temperature ( oC) | 24.24 ± 1.79 | 24.24 ± 1.79 | 24.23 ± 1.87 | 24.24 ± 1.79 |
pH (Std Units) | 7.68 ± 0.35 | 7.39 ± 0.48 | 7.25 ± 0.16* | 6.93 ± 0.68* |
Dissolved oxygen (mg/L) | 4.02 ± 1.26 | 3.86 ± 1.17 | 3.87 ± 1.49* | 3.45± 1.23* |
Conductivity (µS/Cm) | 221.6 ± 14.2 | 255.4 ± 9.7* | 319.5 ± 27.7* | 392.3 ± 60.2* |
TSS (g/L) | 87.4 ± 50.6 | 4.7 ± 2.9 | 51.1 ± 32.3* | 58.4± 36.9* |
T. hardness (mg/L as CaCO3) | 36.4 ± 15.3 | 30.9 ± 5.0 | 49.7 ± 12.2 | 61.5 ± 17.3 |
T. alk. (mg/L as CaCO3) | 69.5 ± 24.0 | 53.5 ± 10.6 | 70.5 ± 11.3 | 52.5 ± 20.5 |
Turbidity (FTU) | 89.7 ± 43.9 | 11.5 ± 4.7 | 50.6 ± 29.6* | 58.7 ± 36.0* |
Colour (PtCo) | 415.5 ± 171.9 | 63.7 ± 22.1 | 271.0 ± 142.3* | 299.6 ± 152.6* |
Ammonia-N (mg/L) | 0.56 ± 0.26 | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.33 ± 0.20* | 0.41 ± 0.25* |
Chlorophyll a (µg/mL) | 128.5 ± 117.9 | 172.1 ± 176.0 | 202.5 ± 305.2 | 55.8 ± 136.9 |
Total protein (µg/mL) | 6.6 ± 3.0 | 4.3 ± 1.8 | 4.4 ± 2.6 | 1.8 ± 1.4 |
Alk phos. (µg PNP/mL/h) | 0.1 ± 0.1 | 0.4 ± 1.0* | 0.4 ± 1.3* | 0.1 ± 0.1* |
Effect of Pilcam Effluent on the Plankton Community Function
Effect of Pilcam Effluent on the Phytoplankton Structure
Effect of Pilcam Effluent on the Zooplankton Structure
Effect of Pilcam Effluent on the Benthic Macro-Invertebrates
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
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Monkiedje, A.; Njine, T.; Meyabeme Elono, A.L.; Zebaze, S.H.; Kemka, N.; Tchounwou, P.B.; Djomo, J.E. Freshwater Microcosms-Based Assessment of Eco-toxicological Effects of a Chemical Effluent from the Pilcam Industry in Cameroon. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2004, 1, 111-123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2004020111
Monkiedje A, Njine T, Meyabeme Elono AL, Zebaze SH, Kemka N, Tchounwou PB, Djomo JE. Freshwater Microcosms-Based Assessment of Eco-toxicological Effects of a Chemical Effluent from the Pilcam Industry in Cameroon. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2004; 1(2):111-123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2004020111
Chicago/Turabian StyleMonkiedje, A ., T. Njine, A. L. Meyabeme Elono, S. H. Zebaze, N. Kemka, P. B. Tchounwou, and J. E. Djomo. 2004. "Freshwater Microcosms-Based Assessment of Eco-toxicological Effects of a Chemical Effluent from the Pilcam Industry in Cameroon" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 1, no. 2: 111-123. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph2004020111