Resistance Markers and Genetic Diversity in Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Recovered from Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Bacterial Strains, Identification and Susceptibility Testing
2.2. Phenotypic Detection of Class B (Metallo-β-Lactamase) Enzymes Related to Resistance
2.2.1. Disk Approximation (DA) Test
2.2.2. MΒLE-Test ®
2.3. Polymerase Chain Reaction for the Detection of β-Lactamase Genes
Genes | Primers | Product (pb) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
blaSPM-1 | 5’-AAAATCTGGGTACGCAAACG-3’ 5’-ACATTATCCGCTGGAACAGG-3’ | 271 pb | [15] |
blaIMP-1 | 5’-GAATAGAGTGGCTTAACTCTC-3’ 5’-AGATAACCTAGTGGTTTGG-3’ | 189 pb | [15] |
blaVIM-1 | 5’-CGAATGCGCAGCACCAG-3’ 5’-CTGGTGCTGCGCATTCG-3’ | 390 pb | [15] |
blaGIM-1 | 5’-TCGACACACCTTGGTCTGAA-3’ 5’-AACTTCCAACTTTGCCATGC-3’ | 477 pb | [15] |
blaSIM-1 | 5’-TACAAGGGATTCGGCATCG-3’ 5’-TAATGGCCTGTTCCCATGTG-3’ | 571 pb | [16] |
blaAmpC | 5’-CAGTAGCGAGACTGCGCA-3’ 5’-ATAACCACCCAGTCACGC-3’ | 631 pb | [17,18] |
blaOXA23 | 5’-GATCGGATTGGAGAACCAGA-3’ 5’-ATTTCTGACCGCATTTCCAT-3’ | 501 pb | [6] |
blaOXA24 | 5’-GGTTAGTTGGCCCCCTTAAA-3’ 5’-AGTTGAGCGAAAAGGGGATT-3’ | 246pb | [6] |
blaOXA51 | 5’-TAATGCTTTGATCGGCCTTG-3’ 5’-ATTTCTGACCGCATTTCCAT-3’ | 353 pb | [6] |
blaOXA58 | 5’-AAGTATTGGGGCTTGTGCTG-3’ 5’-CCCCTCTGCGCTCTACATAC-3’ | 599 pb | [6] |
PCR Product Analysis
2.4. Characterization of the Genetic Profiles of the Strains
2.5. Ethical Considerations
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profiles
3.2. Phenotypic Detection of Enzymes Related to Resistance
3.3. Detection of β-Lactamase Genes
Genes | Frequency | % |
---|---|---|
blaVIM-1-blaAmpC-blaOXA23-blaOXA51 | 37 | 67.3 |
blaVIM-1-blaOXA23-blaOXA51 | 11 | 20.0 |
blaAmpC-blaOXA23-blaOXA51 | 3 | 5.5 |
blaVIM-1-blaAmpC-blaOXA51 | 2 | 3.6 |
blaOXA23-blaOXA51 | 1 | 1.8 |
blaVIM-1- blaOxa51 | 1 | 1.8 |
3.4. Genotypic Characterization of A. Baumannii Strains
Isolate/ Hospital | ERIC-PCR Groups | Resistance Genes | Etest MBL | Phenotypic Profile Resistance |
---|---|---|---|---|
1A | I | blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
2A | I | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
3A | I | blaVIM-1, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
4A | I | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, PT |
5A | I | blaVIM-1, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
6A | I | blaVIM-1, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
7A | I | blaVIM-1, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
8A | I | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
9B | I | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
10B | I | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
11B | I | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
12B | I | blaVIM-1, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
15B | I | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
16B | I | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
17B | I | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
20B | I | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
22C | I | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
23C | I | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
24C | I | blaVIM-1, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
25C | Ungrouped | blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
26C | I | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
27C | I | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, LE, AZ, PT, AM |
28C | I | blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | − | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
29C | I | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
30C | I | blaVIM-1, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
32C | I | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
33C | I | blaVIM-1, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
34C | I | blaVIM-1,blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
35D | II | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
36D | II | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
37D | II | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
39D | I | blaVIM-1, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
40D | II | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
41D | II | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
43D | II | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
44D | II | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
45D | II | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
47E | II | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
48E | IV | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
49E | IV | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE, PO |
50E | IV | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
50E | IV | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
51E | III | blaVIM-1, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
52E | III | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
53E | III | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
54E | III | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
55E | III | blaAmpc, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
56E | III | blaVIM-1, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
57E | III | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT |
58E | III | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM |
59E | III | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, |
60E | III | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
61E | III | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
62E | III | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT |
63E | IV | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | + | IM, ME, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT |
64E | IV | blaVIM-1, blaAmpC, blaOxa23, blaOxa51 | − | IM, CA, CP, CI, LE, AZ, PT, AM, GE |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Martins, H.S.I.; Bomfim, M.R.Q.; França, R.O.; Farias, L.M.; Carvalho, M.A.R.; Serufo, J.C.; Santos, S.G. Resistance Markers and Genetic Diversity in Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Recovered from Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 1465-1478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110201465
Martins HSI, Bomfim MRQ, França RO, Farias LM, Carvalho MAR, Serufo JC, Santos SG. Resistance Markers and Genetic Diversity in Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Recovered from Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(2):1465-1478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110201465
Chicago/Turabian StyleMartins, Hanoch S. I., Maria Rosa Q. Bomfim, Rafaela O. França, Luiz M. Farias, Maria Auxiliadora R. Carvalho, José Carlos Serufo, and Simone G. Santos. 2014. "Resistance Markers and Genetic Diversity in Acinetobacter baumannii Strains Recovered from Nosocomial Bloodstream Infections" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 2: 1465-1478. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110201465