Level and Contamination Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Elements in Smaller than 100 μm Street Dust Particles from Xining, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling and Analytical Methods
2.3. Methods of Contamination Assessment
2.3.1. Enrichment Factor
EF | Enrichment Category | Igeo | Pollution Category | PLI | Pollution Category |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EF < 2 | Deficiency to minimal polluted | Igeo ≤ 0 | Unpolluted | 0 < PLI ≤ 1 | Unpolluted |
2 ≤ EF < 5 | Moderate polluted | 0 < Igeo ≤ 1 | Unpolluted to moderately polluted | 1 < PLI ≤ 2 | Unpolluted to moderately |
5 ≤ EF < 20 | Significant polluted | 1 < Igeo ≤ 2 | Moderately polluted | 2 < PLI ≤ 3 | Moderately polluted |
20 ≤ EF < 40 | Very high polluted | 2 < Igeo ≤ 3 | Moderately to strongly polluted | 3 < PLI ≤ 4 | Moderately to highly polluted |
EF > 40 | Extremely high polluted | 3 < Igeo ≤ 4 | Strongly polluted | 4 < PLI ≤ 5 | Highly polluted |
4 < Igeo ≤ 5 | Strongly to extremely polluted | PLI > 5 | Very highly polluted | ||
Igeo > 5 | Extremely polluted |
2.3.2. Geoaccumulation Index
2.3.3. Pollution Load Index
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Concentration of ESEs in Smaller than 100 μm Street Dust Particles
Elements | Min | 5% | 25% | 50% | Mean | 75% | 95% | Max | S.D. | Kurtosis | Skewness | Reference Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | 0.8 | 1.8 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 4.1 | 6.7 | 11.1 | 1.5 | 5.9 | 1.8 | 14.0 |
Co | 27.2 | 34.3 | 41.5 | 49.7 | 50.0 | 56.5 | 67.3 | 110.2 | 11.3 | 3.6 | 1.0 | 10.1 |
Cu | 15.1 | 20.2 | 30.5 | 37.9 | 40.8 | 47.5 | 76.6 | 115.2 | 16.4 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 22.2 |
Mn | 150.1 | 351.9 | 385.8 | 405.7 | 408.7 | 425.1 | 506.2 | 623.5 | 47.7 | 8.2 | 0.3 | 580.0 |
Ni | 16.8 | 18.3 | 19.8 | 21.2 | 22.6 | 22.6 | 30.9 | 74.1 | 6.6 | 30.6 | 5.0 | 29.6 |
Pb | 24.4 | 34.8 | 41.5 | 48.5 | 52.9 | 56.6 | 85.8 | 233.0 | 21.0 | 29.5 | 4.3 | 20.9 |
V | 47.4 | 51.5 | 53.6 | 55.5 | 57.1 | 58.7 | 65.2 | 96.8 | 6.0 | 14.6 | 3.0 | 71.8 |
Zn | 33.1 | 64.4 | 85.9 | 106.9 | 108.9 | 127.1 | 161.8 | 231.1 | 31.3 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 80.3 |
3.2. Assessment Results of the ESEs Contamination in Smaller than 100 μm Street Dust Particles
3.2.1. Enrichment Index Assessment Results
3.2.2. Assessment Results of Geoaccumulation Index
3.2.3. Pollution Load Index Assessment Results
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhao, N.; Lu, X.; Chao, S. Level and Contamination Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Elements in Smaller than 100 μm Street Dust Particles from Xining, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 2536-2549. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110302536
Zhao N, Lu X, Chao S. Level and Contamination Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Elements in Smaller than 100 μm Street Dust Particles from Xining, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(3):2536-2549. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110302536
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Ni, Xinwei Lu, and Shigang Chao. 2014. "Level and Contamination Assessment of Environmentally Sensitive Elements in Smaller than 100 μm Street Dust Particles from Xining, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 3: 2536-2549. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110302536