Molecular Detection of Leptospiral DNA in Environmental Water on St. Kitts
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Collection of Water Samples
2.2. Culturing of Leptospira spp.
2.3. DNA Extraction
2.4. Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR)
3. Results and Discussion
Source Type | Number of Samples Collected | Number Positive |
---|---|---|
Ponds | 15 | 0 |
Puddles | 13 | 1 |
Water dams | 8 | 5 |
Mountain springs | 5 | 2 |
Streams | 3 | 0 |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Pappas, G.; Papdimitriou, P.; Siozopoulou, V.; Christou, L.; Akritidis, N. The globalization of leptospirosis: Worldwide incidence trends. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 2008, 12, 351–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Levett, P.N. Leptospirosis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 2001, 14, 296–326. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ko, A.I.; Goarant, C.; Picardeau, M. Leptospira: The dawn of the molecular genetics era for an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2009, 7, 736–747. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adler, B.; de laPena Moctezuma, A. Leptospira and leptospirosis. Vet. Microbiol. 2010, 140, 287–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Trueba, G.; Zapata, S.; Madrid, K.; Cullen, P.; Haake, D. Cell aggregation: A mechanism of pathogenic Leptospira to survive in fresh water. Int. Microbiol. 2004, 7, 35–40. [Google Scholar]
- Fuortes, L.; Nettleman, M. Leptospirosis: A consequence of the Iowa flood. Iowa Med. 1994, 84, 449–450. [Google Scholar]
- Sanders, E.J.; Rigau-Perez, J.G.; Smits, H.L.; Deseda, C.C.; Vorndam, V.A.; Aye, T.; Spiegel, R.A.; Weyant, R.S.; Bragg, S.L. Increase in leptospirosis in dengue-negative patients after a hurricane in Puerto Rico in 1996. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1999, 61, 399–404. [Google Scholar]
- Stoddard, R.A.; Gee, J.E.; Wilkins, P.P.; McCaustland, K.; Hoffmaster, A.R. Detection of pathogenic Leptospira spp. through TaqMan polymerase chain reaction targeting the LipL32 gene. Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 2009, 64, 247–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vein, J.; Perrin, A.; Berny, P.J.; Benoit, E.; Leblond, A.; Kodjo, A. Adaptation of a real-time PCR method for the detection and quantification of pathogenic leptospires in environmental water. Can. J. Microbiol. 2012, 58, 828–835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brenner, D.J.; McWhorter, A.C.; Knutson, J.K.; Steigerwalt, A.G. Escherichia vulneris: A new species of Enterobacteriaceae associated with human wounds. J. Clin. Microbiol. 1982, 15, 1133–1140. [Google Scholar]
- Levett, P.N.; Morey, R.E.; Galloway, R.L.; Turner, D.E.; Steigerwalt, A.G.; Mayer, L.W. Detection of pathogenic leptospires by real-time quantitative PCR. J. Med. Microbiol. 2005, 54, 45–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hochedez, P.; Escher, M.; Decoussy, H.; Pasgrimaud, L.; Martinez, R.; Rosine, J.; Théodose, R.; Bourhy, P.; Picardeau, M.; Olive, C.; et al. Outbreak of leptospirosis among canyoning participants, Martinique, 2011. Eurosurveillance 2013, 18, 20472:1–20472:8. [Google Scholar]
- Stern, E.J.; Galloway, R.; Shadomy, S.V.; Wannemuehler, K.; Atrubin, D.; Blackmore, C.; Wofford, T.; Wilkins, P.P.; Ari, M.D.; Harris, L.; et al. Outbreak of leptospirosis among Adventure Race participants in Florida, 2005. Clin. Infect. Dis. 2010, 50, 843–849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Narita, M.; Fujitani, S.; Haake, D.A.; Paterson, D.L. Leptospirosis after recreational exposure to water in the Yaeyama islands, Japan. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2005, 73, 652–656. [Google Scholar]
- Koay, T.K.; Nirmal, S.; Noitie, L.; Tan, E. An epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of leptospirosis associated with swimming, Beaufort, Sabah. Med. J. Malays. 2004, 59, 455–459. [Google Scholar]
- Haddock, R.L.; Gilmore, J.W.; Pimentel, F. A leptospirosis outbreak on Guam associated with an athletic event. Pac. Health Dialog 2002, 9, 186–189. [Google Scholar]
- Paul, J.H.; Jeffrey, W.H.; David, A.W.; DeFlaun, M.F.; Cazares, L.H. Turnover of extracellular DNA in eutrophic and oligotrophic freshwater environments of southwest Florida. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1989, 55, 1823–1828. [Google Scholar]
- Everard, C.O.; Fraser-Chanpong, G.M.; Bhagwandin, L.J.; Race, M.W.; James, A.C. Leptospires in wildlife from Trinidad and Grenada. J. Wildl. Dis. 1983, 19, 192–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adesiyun, A.A.; Baboolal, S.; Suepaul, S.; Dookeran, S.; Stewart-Johnson, A. Human leptospirosis in the Caribbean, 1997–2005: Characteristics and serotyping of clinical samples from 14 countries. Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica 2011, 29, 350–357. [Google Scholar]
- Wood, H.; Drebot, M.A.; Dewailly, E.; Dillon, L.; Dimitrova, K.; Forde, M.; Grolla, A.; Lee, E.; Loftis, A.; Makowski, K.; et al. Seroprevalence of seven zoonotic pathogens in pregnant women from the Caribbean. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2014. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Rawlins, J.; Portanova, A.; Zuckerman, I.; Loftis, A.; Ceccato, P.; Willingham, A.L.; Verma, A. Molecular Detection of Leptospiral DNA in Environmental Water on St. Kitts. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 7953-7960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110807953
Rawlins J, Portanova A, Zuckerman I, Loftis A, Ceccato P, Willingham AL, Verma A. Molecular Detection of Leptospiral DNA in Environmental Water on St. Kitts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(8):7953-7960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110807953
Chicago/Turabian StyleRawlins, Julienne, Alexandra Portanova, Ilana Zuckerman, Amanda Loftis, Pietro Ceccato, Arve Lee Willingham, and Ashutosh Verma. 2014. "Molecular Detection of Leptospiral DNA in Environmental Water on St. Kitts" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 8: 7953-7960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110807953
APA StyleRawlins, J., Portanova, A., Zuckerman, I., Loftis, A., Ceccato, P., Willingham, A. L., & Verma, A. (2014). Molecular Detection of Leptospiral DNA in Environmental Water on St. Kitts. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(8), 7953-7960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110807953