A Health Impact Assessment of Proposed Public Transportation Service Cuts and Fare Increases in Boston, Massachusetts (U.S.A.)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. HIA Process
2.2. HIA Assessment
2.2.1. MBTA Service Area
2.2.2. Time Spent in Traffic and Fuel Costs
2.2.3. Air Pollution
2.2.4. Physical Activity
2.2.5. Crashes
2.2.6. Access to Healthcare
2.2.7. Carbon Dioxide Emissions
2.2.8. Noise
2.2.9. Economic Value of Health Endpoints
2.3. Review Approach
3. Results and Discussion
Pathway | Scenario 1: Fares increase by 43%, Service reductions affecting 34–48 million trips each year | Scenario 2: Fares increase by 35%, Service reductions affecting 53–64 million trips each year |
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Time Spent in Traffic and Fuel Costs |
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Air Pollution |
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Physical Activity |
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Crashes |
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Access to Healthcare |
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Carbon Emissions |
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Noise |
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Annual impact | Costs of Scenario 1: Fares increase by 43%, Service reductions affecting 34–48 million trips each year | Costs of Scenario 2: Fares increase by 35%, Service reductions affecting 53–64 million trips each year |
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Cost of additional time in traffic | $137.5 million | $186.0 million |
Cost of additional fuel | $22.7 million | $31.8 million |
Cost of additional car crashes, including crashes with bicycles and pedestrians | $33.6 million | $48.8 million |
Cost of additional mortality and hospitalizations for asthma, chronic lung disease, heart attacks, heart disease, and major cardiovascular events due to air pollution | $1.5 million | $2.1 million |
Cost of lives lost due to decreased physical activity | $74.9 million | $116.5 million |
Cost of carbon emissions | $1.9 million | $1.7 million |
Total annual cost | $272.1 million | $386.9 million |
Dissemination and Impact Evaluation
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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James, P.; Ito, K.; Buonocore, J.J.; Levy, J.I.; Arcaya, M.C. A Health Impact Assessment of Proposed Public Transportation Service Cuts and Fare Increases in Boston, Massachusetts (U.S.A.). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 8010-8024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110808010
James P, Ito K, Buonocore JJ, Levy JI, Arcaya MC. A Health Impact Assessment of Proposed Public Transportation Service Cuts and Fare Increases in Boston, Massachusetts (U.S.A.). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(8):8010-8024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110808010
Chicago/Turabian StyleJames, Peter, Kate Ito, Jonathan J. Buonocore, Jonathan I. Levy, and Mariana C. Arcaya. 2014. "A Health Impact Assessment of Proposed Public Transportation Service Cuts and Fare Increases in Boston, Massachusetts (U.S.A.)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 8: 8010-8024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110808010
APA StyleJames, P., Ito, K., Buonocore, J. J., Levy, J. I., & Arcaya, M. C. (2014). A Health Impact Assessment of Proposed Public Transportation Service Cuts and Fare Increases in Boston, Massachusetts (U.S.A.). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(8), 8010-8024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110808010