EMF Monitoring—Concepts, Activities, Gaps and Options

Dürrenberger, Gregor; Fröhlich, Jürg; Röösli, Martin; Mattsson, Mats-Olof

doi:10.3390/ijerph110909460

Open AccessArticle

EMF Monitoring—Concepts, Activities, Gaps and Options

by

Gregor Dürrenberger

^1,2,*,

Jürg Fröhlich

^2,†,

Martin Röösli

^3,4,†

and

Mats-Olof Mattsson

^5,†

¹

Swiss Research Foundation for Electricity and Mobile Communication, c/o Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zürich), Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland

²

Institute for Electromagnetic Fields, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich (ETH Zürich), Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland

³

Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstrasse 59, Postfach, 4002 Basel, Switzerland

⁴

University of Basel, 4002 Basel, Switzerland

⁵

Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT), Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria

^*

Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11(9), 9460-9479; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909460

Submission received: 26 May 2014 / Revised: 28 August 2014 / Accepted: 29 August 2014 / Published: 11 September 2014

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electromagnetic Fields and Health)

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Abstract

Exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF) is a cause of concern for many people. The topic will likely remain for the foreseeable future on the scientific and political agenda, since emissions continue to change in characteristics and levels due to new infrastructure deployments, smart environments and novel wireless devices. Until now, systematic and coordinated efforts to monitor EMF exposure are rare. Furthermore, virtually nothing is known about personal exposure levels. This lack of knowledge is detrimental for any evidence-based risk, exposure and health policy, management and communication. The main objective of the paper is to review the current state of EMF exposure monitoring activities in Europe, to comment on the scientific challenges and deficiencies, and to describe appropriate strategies and tools for EMF exposure assessment and monitoring to be used to support epidemiological health research and to help policy makers, administrators, industry and consumer representatives to base their decisions and communication activities on facts and data.

Keywords: electromagnetic fields; exposure monitoring; exposure metrics; exposure assessment; monitoring paradigm; personal exposure; exposure policy; epidemiology; public health policy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Dürrenberger, G.; Fröhlich, J.; Röösli, M.; Mattsson, M.-O. EMF Monitoring—Concepts, Activities, Gaps and Options. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 9460-9479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909460

AMA Style

Dürrenberger G, Fröhlich J, Röösli M, Mattsson M-O. EMF Monitoring—Concepts, Activities, Gaps and Options. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(9):9460-9479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909460

Chicago/Turabian Style

Dürrenberger, Gregor, Jürg Fröhlich, Martin Röösli, and Mats-Olof Mattsson. 2014. "EMF Monitoring—Concepts, Activities, Gaps and Options" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 9: 9460-9479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909460

APA Style

Dürrenberger, G., Fröhlich, J., Röösli, M., & Mattsson, M.-O. (2014). EMF Monitoring—Concepts, Activities, Gaps and Options. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(9), 9460-9479. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909460

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