Protective Effect of Prolactin against Methylmercury-Induced Mutagenicity and Cytotoxicity on Human Lymphocytes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Culture of Human Healthy Lymphocytes
2.2. Culture of the HL-60 Leukemia Cell Line
2.3. Treatment of Cultures
Treatment (T) | CH3HgCl [μΜ] | PRL [nΜ] | Doxorubicin * [μM] |
---|---|---|---|
T1 (C−) | - | - | - |
T2 | 50 | - | - |
T3 | 100 | - | - |
T4 | 500 | - | - |
T5 | 1000 | - | - |
T6 | - | 1 | - |
T7 | - | 10 | - |
T8 | - | 100 | - |
T9 | 50 | 10 | - |
T10 | 500 | 10 | - |
T11 | 50 | 100 | - |
T12 | 500 | 100 | - |
T13 | - | - | 0.010 |
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Mutagenic Effects
Treatment | Gaps | Breaks | Total | P | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N° | FR (%) | N° | FR (%) | N° | FR (%) | ||||
T1 = C− | 4 | 0.50 | 0 | 0.00 | 4 | 0.50 | (-) | ||
T2 | 57 | 7.13 * | 2 | 0.25 NS | 59 | 7.38 * | (-) | ||
T3 | 32 | 4.00 * | 2 | 0.25 NS | 36 | 4.50 * | (-) | ||
T4 | 82 | 10.25 * | 3 | 0.38 NS | 87 | 10.88 * | (-) | ||
T5 | 118 | 14.75 * | 4 | 0.50 NS | 122 | 15.25 * | (-) | ||
T6 | 1 | 0.13 * | 0 | 0.00 NS | 1 | 0.13 * | (-) | ||
T7 | 3 | 0.38 | 1 | 0.13 NS | 4 | 0.50 | (-) | ||
T8 | 2 | 0.25 * | 0 | 0.00 NS | 2 | 0.25 * | (-) | ||
T9 | 54 | 6.75 * | 2 | 0.25 NS | 56 | 7.00 * | vs. T2 NS vs. T7 ** | ||
T10 | 75 | 9.38 * | 1 | 0.13 NS | 76 | 9.50 * | vs. T4 NS vs. T7 ** | ||
T11 | 54 | 6.75 * | 1 | 0.13 NS | 55 | 6.88 * | vs. T2 NS vs. T8 ** | ||
T12 | 80 | 10.00 * | 2 | 0.25 NS | 82 | 10.25 * | vs. T4 NS vs. T8 ** |
Treatment | Lymphocytes | Cell Line HL-60 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Polyploid Index (%) | P | Polyploid Index (%) | P | |||||
T1(C−) | 4.57 ± 2.2254 | (-) | 7.13 ± 1.2543 | (-) | ||||
T2 | 21.71 ± 5.2509 * | (-) | 24.00 ± 5.6327 * # | (-) | ||||
T3 | 37.14 ± 3.9761 * | (-) | 32.20 ± 3.2659 * # | (-) | ||||
T4 | 42.86 ± 2.7343 * | (-) | 42.86 ± 2.3652 * # | (-) | ||||
T5 | 60.14 ± 3.4365 * | (-) | 0.00 ± 0.0000 * # | (-) | ||||
T6 | 3.43 ± 1.7183 | (-) | 5.15 ± 1.3266 | (-) | ||||
T7 | 5.86 ± 1.9518 | (-) | 8.08 ± 1.9688 | (-) | ||||
T8 | 9.00 ± 1.9149 | (-) | 10.00 ± 3.1255 | (-) | ||||
T9 | 20.57 ± 1.6184 * | vs. T2 NS vs. T7 ** | 22.42 ± 5.9644 * # | vs. T2 ** vs. T7 ** | ||||
T10 | 38.14 ± 2.9114 * | vs. T4 ** vs. T7 ** | 39.14 ± 3.9159 * # | vs. T4 ** vs. T7 ** | ||||
T11 | 26.00 ± 2.7080 * | vs. T2 NS vs. T8 ** | 25.24 ± 2.3650 * # | vs. T2 NS vs. T8 ** | ||||
T12 | 35.86 ± 2.7946 * | vs. T4 ** vs. T8 ** | 37.63 ± 5.6329 * # | vs. T4 ** vs. T8 ** | ||||
T13(C+) | (-) | (-) | 6.33 ± 1.8247 * | (-) |
3.2. Cytotoxic Effects
Treatment | Lymphocytes | Cell Line HL-60 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mitotic Index (%) | P | Mitotic Index (%) | P | |||||
T1(C−) | 3.89 ± 0.6440 | (-) | 3.80 ± 0.3247 # | (-) | ||||
T2 | 3.40 ± 0.5196 NS | (-) | 3.60 ± 0.5236 NS # | (-) | ||||
T3 | 2.13 ± 0.3904 * | (-) | 3.30 ± 0.3934 NS # | (-) | ||||
T4 | 1.60 ± 0.4000 * | (-) | 1.30 ± 0.5254 * | (-) | ||||
T5 | 1.70 ± 0.5657 * | (-) | 0.00 ± 0.0000 * # | (-) | ||||
T6 | 3.76 ± 0.5769 NS | (-) | 3.60 ± 0.4246 NS # | (-) | ||||
T7 | 4.93 ± 0.6020 * | (-) | 4.00 ± 0.3639 NS # | (-) | ||||
T8 | 5.43 ± 0.6499 * | (-) | 4.40 ± 0.5896 NS # | (-) | ||||
T9 | 3.57 ± 0.5880 NS | vs. T2 NS vs. T7 ** | 3.70 ± 0.3262 NS # | vs. T2 NS vs. T7 NS | ||||
T10 | 2.66 ± 0.5381 * | vs. T4 ** vs. T7 ** | 2.60 ± 0.3588 * | vs. T4 ** vs. T7 ** | ||||
T11 | 3.64 ± 0.4577 NS | vs. T2 NS vs. T8 ** | 4.20 ± 0.4856 NS # | vs. T2 NS vs. T8 NS | ||||
T12 | 2.26 ± 0.3960 * | vs. T4 ** vs. T8 ** | 2.90 ± 0.3699 * # | vs. T4 ** vs. T8 ** | ||||
T13(C+) | (-) | (-) | 1.90 ± 0.4529 * | (-) |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Silva-Pereira, L.C.; Da Rocha, C.A.M.; Cunha, L.R.C.d.S.e., Jr.; Da Costa, E.T.; Guimarães, A.P.A.; Pontes, T.B.; Diniz, D.L.W.P.; Leal, M.F.; Moreira-Nunes, C.A.; Burbano, R.R. Protective Effect of Prolactin against Methylmercury-Induced Mutagenicity and Cytotoxicity on Human Lymphocytes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 9822-9834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909822
Silva-Pereira LC, Da Rocha CAM, Cunha LRCdSe Jr., Da Costa ET, Guimarães APA, Pontes TB, Diniz DLWP, Leal MF, Moreira-Nunes CA, Burbano RR. Protective Effect of Prolactin against Methylmercury-Induced Mutagenicity and Cytotoxicity on Human Lymphocytes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2014; 11(9):9822-9834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909822
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva-Pereira, Liz Carmem, Carlos Alberto Machado Da Rocha, Luiz Raimundo Campos da Silva e Cunha, Jr., Edmar Tavares Da Costa, Ana Paula Araújo Guimarães, Thais Brilhante Pontes, Domingos Luiz Wanderley Picanço Diniz, Mariana Ferreira Leal, Caroline Aquino Moreira-Nunes, and Rommel Rodríguez Burbano. 2014. "Protective Effect of Prolactin against Methylmercury-Induced Mutagenicity and Cytotoxicity on Human Lymphocytes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 11, no. 9: 9822-9834. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110909822