3.2.1. Substance Use and Mental Health Disorders
Table 2 illustrates that gender was predictive of alcohol abuse across countries. Females in Guyana (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) = 0.15,
p < 0.001), Jamaica (AOR = 0.11,
p < 0.001), and the United States (AOR = 0.08,
p < 0.001) had lower odds of alcohol abuse compared to their male counterparts.
Table 2.
Factors associated with lifetime prevalence of alcohol abuse by country.
Table 2.
Factors associated with lifetime prevalence of alcohol abuse by country.
Characteristics | Guyana | Jamaica | US Caribbeans |
---|
AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) |
---|
Age | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) * | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) |
Gender |
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 0.15 (0.08–0.31) *** | 0.11 (0.04–0.29) *** | 0.08 (0.03–0.19) *** |
Marital Status |
Never Married | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Married | 0.92 (0.48–1.74) | 0.77 (0.20–3.04) | 2.23 (0.33–14.96) |
Partnered | 1.22 (0.60–2.50) | 4.47 (1.44–13.87) ** | 4.29 (0.56–32.99) |
Sep-Div-Widow | 1.16 (0.53–2.53) | 1.49 (0.39–5.77) | 1.76 (0.17–18.23) |
Education |
Primary/Some HS | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High School Grad | 0.89 (0.48–1.67) | 0.34 (0.09–1.31) | 0.25 (0.04–1.37) |
College-Voc-Tech | 1.00 (0.51–1.97) | 0.08 (0.01–0.82) | 0.76 (0.27–2.15) |
Employment Status |
Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Unemployed | 1.58 (0.76–3.30) | 1.72 (0.52–5.65) | 1.12 (0.49–2.57) |
Not in Labor Force | 0.43 (0.20–0.914) * | 0.39 (0.11–1.38) | 1.10 (0.25–4.96) |
Equivalized Income |
Bottom Quintile | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Second Quintile | 0.68 (0.32–1.45) | 0.59 (0.18–1.93) | 0.34 (0.11–1.03) |
Middle Quintile | 0.67 (0.30–1.49) | n/a | 0.43 (0.07–2.73) |
Fourth Quintile | 1.36 (0.64–2.86) | 2.32 (0.47–11.44) | 0.92 (0.31–2.71) |
Highest Quintile | 0.35 (0.10–1.27) | 1.51 (0.17–13.09) | 0.26 (0.07–0.99) * |
Ancestry |
<20 years | -- | -- | 1 |
>20 years | -- | -- | 2.59 (0.52–12.87) |
Second Generation | -- | -- | 20.35 (4.33–95.61) *** |
Third Generation | -- | -- | 10.28 (1.94–54.49) ** |
Lower odds of alcohol abuse was also found among Guyanese not in the labor force (AOR = 0.43, p < 0.01) as well as US Caribbeans within the highest income quintile (AOR = 0.26, p < 0.05). However, the odds for alcohol abuse significantly increased with age among Jamaican respondents (AOR = 1.04, p < 0.05). This increase was also observed for second (AOR = 20.35, p < 0.001) and third (AOR = 10.28, p < 0.05) generation Caribbeans, compared to first generation participants who had migrated to the United States for less than 20 years. The likelihood for alcohol abuse was also found among married Jamaicans (AOR = 4.47, p < 0.01).
As shown in
Table 3, gender was also predictive of drug abuse across contexts. Compared to males, the odds of drug abuse was reduced among Guyanese (AOR = 0.09,
p < 0.001), Jamaican (AOR = 0.28,
p < 0.05) and US Caribbean (AOR = 0.14,
p < 0.001) female participants.
Table 3.
Factors associated with lifetime prevalence of drug abuse by country.
Table 3.
Factors associated with lifetime prevalence of drug abuse by country.
Characteristics | Guyana | Jamaica | US Caribbeans |
---|
AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) |
---|
Age | 0.98 (0.95–1.02) | 1.01 (0.96–1.05) | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) |
Gender |
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 0.09 (0.02–0.36) *** | 0.28 (0.09–0.88) * | 0.14 (0.07–2.74) *** |
Marital Status |
Never Married | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Married | 0.11 (0.02–0.72) * | n/a | 0.36 (0.08–1.54) |
Partnered | 0.66 (0.21–2.08) | 1.42 (0.25–7.90) | 2.84 (0.51–15.69) |
Sep-Div-Widow | 2.09 (0.75–5.86) | 2.77 (0.55–13.81) | 0.54 (0.10–2.90) |
Education |
Primary/Some HS | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High School Grad | 1.08 (0.44–2.67) | 0.28 (0.04–1.93) | 0.16 (0.04–0.75) * |
College-Voc-Tech | 0.25 (0.06–1.11) | 0.12 (0.01–2.07) | 0.69 (0.20–2.37) |
Employment Status |
Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Unemployed | 0.98 (0.25–3.82) | 1.45 (0.36–5.89) | 1.38 (0.48–3.97) |
Not in Labor Force | 0.12 (0.01–1.01) * | 0.24 (0.04–1.40) | 1.33 (0.24–7.38) |
Equivalized Income |
Bottom Quintile | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Second Quintile | 0.59 (0.11–3.20) | 0.35 (0.06–1.97) | 0.45 (0.12–1.64) |
Middle Quintile | 2.21 (0.54–9.00) | n/a | 0.59 (0.12–2.93) |
Fourth Quintile | 1.83 (0.44–7.69) | 1.62 (0.19–13.68) | 0.67 (0.22–2.02) |
Highest Quintile | 0.86 (0.10–7.24) | n/a | 0.11 (0.02–0.68) * |
Ancestry |
<20 years | -- | -- | 1 |
>20 years | -- | -- | 15.08 (1.94–117.04) ** |
Second Generation | -- | -- | 35.56 (8.92–141.79) *** |
Third Generation | -- | -- | 15.50 (2.59–92.85) ** |
The lower odds in drug abuse was further observed among US Caribbean participants with a high school education (AOR = 0.16, p < 0.05) and those within the highest income category (AOR = 0.11, p < 0.05). This lower odds in drug use was further evident for Guyanese participants who were married (AOR = 0.11, p < 0.05) and not in the labor force (AOR = 0.12, p = 0.051). By contrast, the odds for drug abuse significantly increased among first generation Caribbeans who had resided in the United States for over 20 years (AOR = 15.08, p < 0.01), and among second (AOR = 35.56, p < 0.001) and third (AOR = 15.50, p < 0.01) generations.
As indicated in
Table 4, there was an association between gender and substance abuse. Again, there were lower odds for substance abuse among Guyanese (AOR = 0.12,
p < 0.001), Jamaican (AOR = 0.15,
p < 0.001) and US Caribbean females (AOR = 0.10,
p < 0.001). This reduction in substance abuse was also found among Guyanese that were not in the labor force (AOR = 0.39,
p < 0.01).
Table 4.
Factors associated with lifetime prevalence of substance abuse by country.
Table 4.
Factors associated with lifetime prevalence of substance abuse by country.
Characteristics | Guyana | Jamaica | US Caribbeans |
---|
AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) |
---|
Age | 1.00 (0.99–1.02) | 1.03 (1.00–1.06) * | 1.00 (0.95–1.05) |
Gender |
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 0.12 (0.06–0.23) *** | 0.15 (0.07–0.36) *** | 0.10 (0.05–0.20) *** |
Marital Status |
Never Married | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Married | 0.66 (0.37–1.20) | 0.67 (0.18–2.50) | 1.92 (0.32–11.52) |
Partnered | 0.99 (0.53–1.88) | 3.28 (1.14–9.47) * | 4.13 (0.62–27.67) |
Sep-Div-Widow | 1.54 (0.80–2.96) | 2.03 (0.61–6.78) | 1.65 (0.18–14.99) |
Education |
Primary/Some HS | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High School Grad | 0.87 (0.51–1.49) | 0.52 (0.16–1.74) | 0.27 (0.06–1.28) |
College-Voc-Tech | 0.63 (0.33–1.19) | 0.18 (0.03–1.16) | 0.69 (0.26–1.82) |
Employment Status |
Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Unemployed | 1.48 (0.75–2.93) | 1.73 (0.60–5.03) | 0.99 (0.43–2.28) |
Not in Labor Force | 0.39 (0.19–0.78) ** | 0.35 (0.11–1.13) | 1.19 (0.28–5.15) |
Equivalized Income |
Bottom Quintile | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Second Quintile | 0.63 (0.31–1.32) | 0.52 (0.17–1.60) | 0.42 (0.14–1.26) |
Middle Quintile | 0.99 (0.48–2.00) | n/a | 0.45 (0.08–2.65) |
Fourth Quintile | 1.64 (0.82–3.29) | 1.51 (0.37–6.28) | 0.94 (0.32–2.70) |
Highest Quintile | 0.50 (0.16–1.51) | 0.71 (0.10–5.15) | 0.32 (0.09–1.15) |
Ancestry |
<20 years | -- | -- | 1 |
>20 years | -- | -- | 2.22 (0.49–10.14) |
Second Generation | -- | -- | 16.29 (4.13–64.26) *** |
Third Generation | -- | -- | 8.55 (1.81–40.25) ** |
In contrast, a significant increase in odds for substance abuse was found for both second (AOR = 16.29, p < 0.001) and third (AOR = 8.55, p < 0.01) generation US Caribbeans. Partnered (AOR = 3.28, p < 0.05) and aging (AOR = 1.03, p < 0.05) Jamaican participants also had higher odds to abuse substances.
As shown in
Table 5, there were various predictors of major depressive disorder (MDD) across nations. The odds (AOR = 0.98,
p < 0.05) for depression was reduced for older participants in Jamaica. Similarly, married (AOR = 0.43,
p < 0.05) and unemployed US Caribbeans (AOR = 0.61,
p < 0.05) had lower odds of depression. Conversely, the odds for depression increased among third generation (AOR = 4.05,
p < 0.01) US Caribbeans. Analysis on mania was not conducted due to low prevalence rates of the disorder.
Table 5.
Factors associated with lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder by country.
Table 5.
Factors associated with lifetime prevalence of major depressive disorder by country.
Characteristics | Guyana | Jamaica | US Caribbeans |
---|
AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) |
---|
Age | 1.00 (0.979–1.02) | 0.98 (0.96–0.995) * | 0.99 (0.97–1.02) |
Gender |
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 1.44 (0.88–2.38) | 1.49 (0.86–2.59) | 1.02 (0.53–1.97) |
Marital Status |
Never Married | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Married | 0.55 (0.29–1.04) | 0.85 (0.42–1.72) | 0.43 (0.22–0.84) * |
Partnered | 0.81 (0.41–1.61) | 0.75 (0.36–1.59) | 0.92 (0.39–2.20) |
Sep-Div-Widow | 1.01 (0.49–2.05) | 1.86 (0.84–4.14) | 0.90 (0.37–2.19) |
Education |
Primary/Some HS | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High School Grad | 1.25 (0.71–2.21) | 0.84 (0.39–1.79) | 0.61 (0.16–2.33) |
College-Voc-Tech | 0.56 (0.24–1.32) | 0.90 (0.84–2.14) | 1.42 (0.45–4.47) |
Employment Status |
Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Unemployed | 0.83 (0.39–1.76) | 1.31 (0.65–2.63) | 0.61 (0.38–0.98) * |
Not in Labor Force | 0.74 (0.41–1.31) | 0.62 (0.32–1.21) | 0.86 (0.40–1.86) |
Equivalized Income |
Bottom Quintile | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Second Quintile | 0.59 (0.30–1.15) | 0.90 (0.43–1.88) | 1.39 (0.34–5.77) |
Middle Quintile | 0.53 (0.26–1.09) | 2.08 (0.41–10.50) | 1.40 (0.25–7.90) |
Fourth Quintile | 0.56 (0.26–1.18) | 0.92 (0.37–2.28) | 1.33 (0.36–4.95) |
Highest Quintile | 0.53 (0.20–1.38) | 0.91 (0.34–2.40) | 0.64 (0.15–2.75) |
Ancestry |
<20 years | -- | -- | 1 |
>20 years | -- | -- | 1.17 (0.53–2.59) |
Second Generation | -- | -- | 1.67 (0.46–6.09) |
Third Generation | -- | -- | 4.05 (1.38–11.84) * |
3.2.2. Physical Health
Table 6 illustrates that in Guyana (AOR = 1.09,
p < 0.001), Jamaica (AOR = 1.06,
p < 0.001) and among US Caribbean respondents (AOR = 1.07,
p < 0.001) the odds of hypertension increased with age. Hypertension also increased among female Guyanese (AOR = 1.96,
p < 0.01) and Jamaican (AOR = 3.67,
p < 0.001) participants compared to men within the respective populations. Similar increases were found among US Caribbeans within the highest income quintile category (AOR = 2.87,
p < 0.001) and among third generation participants (AOR = 3.02,
p < 0.01). Increased odds were also observed among married (AOR = 2.06
, p < 0.01) and partnered (AOR = 2.01,
p < 0.05) Guyanese participants. There, however, were reduced odds for hypertension among college-educated participants within this population (AOR = 0.52,
p < 0.05).
Table 6.
Factors associated with lifetime prevalence of hypertension by country.
Table 6.
Factors associated with lifetime prevalence of hypertension by country.
Characteristics | Guyana | Jamaica | US Caribbeans |
---|
AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) |
---|
Age | 1.09 (1.08–1.11) *** | 1.06 (1.04–1.08) *** | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) *** |
Gender |
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 1.96 (1.39–2.78) *** | 3.67 (2.14–6.28) *** | 1.15 (0.64–2.06) |
Marital Status |
Never Married | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Married | 2.06 (1.26–3.35) ** | 1.36 (0.81–2.29) | 0.93 (0.45–1.94) |
Partnered | 2.01 (1.11–3.65) * | 1.07 (0.52–2.22) | 0.75 (0.27–2.12) |
Sep-Div-Widow | 0.99 (0.57–1.70) | 1.10 (0.56–2.19) | 0.50 (0.12–2.21) |
Education |
Primary/Some HS | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High School Grad | 0.83 (0.54–1.29) | 1.04 (0.51–2.11) | 0.52 (0.17–1.57) |
College-Voc-Tech | 0.52 (0.30–0.90) * | 0.743 (0.31–1.79) | 0.60 (0.22–1.70) |
Employment Status |
Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Unemployed | 0.84 (0.47–1.48) | 0.76 (0.39–1.46) | 1.14 (0.59–2.22) |
Not in Labor Force | 1.01 (0.68–1.50) | 0.96 (0.56–1.64) | 1.54 (0.82–2.90) |
Equivalized Income |
Bottom Quintile | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Second Quintile | 0.81 (0.52–1.26) | 1.30 (0.72–2.34) | 1.60 (0.64–4.01) |
Middle Quintile | 1.09 (0.64–1.85) | 1.01 (0.11–9.17) | 1.78 (0.49–6.38) |
Fourth Quintile | 0.73 (0.41–1.31) | 1.04 (0.46–2.36) | 1.42 (0.50–4.00) |
Highest Quintile | 0.72 (0.36–1.43) | 1.07 (0.37–3.10) | 2.87 (1.80–4.59) *** |
Ancestry |
<20 years | -- | -- | 1 |
>20 years | -- | -- | 1.19 (0.49–2.92) |
Second Generation | -- | -- | 1.78 (0.55–5.78) |
Third Generation | -- | -- | 3.02 (1.44–6.34) ** |
Table 7 again shows that age was associated with being diagnosed with diabetes among participants across countries with Guyanese (AOR = 1.05,
p < 0.001), Jamaican (AOR = 1.07,
p < 0.001) and US Caribbean (AOR = 1.09,
p < 0.001) participants having greater odds for diabetes as they aged. US Caribbean (AOR = 3.24,
p < 0.01) and Jamaican (AOR = 2.36,
p < 0.01) women also had greater odds for diabetes. In contrast to these findings, there was reduced odds for diabetes among high school (AOR = 0.48,
p < 0.05) and college educated (AOR = 0.23,
p < 0.001) Guyanese participants. Just the same, lower odds of diabetes was found among unemployed Guyanese participants (AOR = 0.40,
p < 0.05).
Table 7.
Factors associated with lifetime prevalence of diabetes by country.
Table 7.
Factors associated with lifetime prevalence of diabetes by country.
Characteristics | Guyana | Jamaica | US Caribbeans |
---|
AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) |
---|
Age | 1.05 (1.03–1.07) *** | 1.07 (1.05–1.09) *** | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) *** |
Gender |
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 1.47 (0.94–2.29) | 2.36 (1.21–4.57) ** | 3.24 (1.63–6.46) ** |
Marital Status |
Never Married | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Married | 1.60 (0.92–2.79) | 1.17 (0.59–2.32) | 1.69 (0.66–4.32) |
Partnered | 0.46 (0.18–1.16) | 0.58 (0.18–1.80) | 1.16 (0.38–3.52) |
Sep-Div-Widow | 0.78 (0.40–1.54) | 1.02 (0.45–2.32) | 0.82 (0.34–1.94) |
Education |
Primary/Some HS | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High School Grad | 0.48 (0.26–0.88) * | 0.51 (0.21–1.25) | 0.50 (0.23–1.11) |
College-Voc-Tech | 0.23 (0.08–0.54) *** | 0.72 (0.25–2.09) | 0.40 (0.14–1.13) |
Employment Status |
Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Unemployed | 0.40 (0.17–0.913) * | 1.49 (0.68–3.22) | 2.70 (0.97–7.50) |
Not in Labor Force | 0.70 (0.42–1.18) | 0.46 (0.20–1.05) | 0.65 (0.23–1.83) |
Equivalized Income |
Bottom Quintile | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Second Quintile | 1.07 (0.60–1.90) | 1.49 (0.75–2.97) | 0.47 (0.18–1.24) |
Middle Quintile | 0.66 (0.31–1.42) | n/a | 0.71 (0.21–2.45) |
Fourth Quintile | 0.72 (0.33–1.54) | 0.94 (0.30–2.91) | 1.67 (0.71–3.93) |
Highest Quintile | 1.26 (0.56–2.87) | 1.42 (0.41–4.93) | 1.68 (0.69–4.10) |
Ancestry |
<20 years | -- | -- | 1 |
>20 years | -- | -- | 0.49 (0.22–1.10) |
Second Generation | -- | -- | 0.54 (0.18–1.63) |
Third Generation | -- | -- | 1.80 (0.44–7.46) |
Further illustrated in
Table 8, there was an association between age and arthritis among Guyanese (AOR = 1.13,
p < 0.001), Jamaicans (AOR = 1.09,
p < 0.001) and US Caribbean descendants (AOR = 1.08,
p < 0.001). In all countries examined, there were greater odds for this condition as participants aged. Guyanese females additionally had greater odds (AOR = 1.79,
p < 0.05) for arthritis. The data further revealed an increased odds for arthritis among Caribbean descendants who had lived in the United States for over 20 years (AOR = 1.94,
p < 0.05) as well as third generation Caribbean descendants (AOR = 17.26,
p < 0.001). This increase was also found among US Caribbeans that were not in the labor force (AOR = 1.77,
p = 0.052). However, the odds for this condition reduced among high school participants within this group (AOR = 0.35,
p < 0.01).
Table 8.
Factors associated with lifetime prevalence of arthritis by country.
Table 8.
Factors associated with lifetime prevalence of arthritis by country.
Characteristics | Guyana | Jamaica | US Caribbeans |
---|
AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) |
---|
Age | 1.13 (1.10–1.15) *** | 1.09 (1.06–1.12) *** | 1.08 (1.05–1.11) *** |
Gender |
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 1.79 (1.00–3.20) * | 1.06 (0.57–2.00) | 1.49 (0.89–2.48) |
Marital Status |
Never Married | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Married | 1.83 (0.74–4.52) | 0.49 (0.23–1.08) | 1.43 (0.57–3.60) |
Partnered | 1.50 (0.46–4.91) | 0.14 (0.02–1.08) | 0.74 (0.21–2.55) |
Sep-Div-Widow | 0.86 (0.34–2.21) | 0.43 (0.18–1.04) | 1.70 (0.58–4.89) |
Education |
Primary/Some HS | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High School Grad | 1.04 (0.46–2.39) | 1.08 (0.39–2.99) | 0.35 (0.18–0.68) ** |
College-Voc-Tech | 0.37 (0.14–1.05) | 0.94 (0.25–3.54) | 0.57 (0.29–1.09) |
Employment Status |
Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Unemployed | 0.30 (0.09–1.04) | 1.54 (0.58–4.15) | 1.59 (0.38–6.67) |
Not in Labor Force | 0.79 (0.39–1.60) | 1.50 (0.65–3.50) | 1.77 (1.02–3.07) * |
Equivalized Income |
Bottom Quintile | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Second Quintile | 1.30 (0.63–2.69) | 1.60 (0.75–3.40) | 0.58 (0.14–2.34) |
Middle Quintile | 1.71 (0.67–4.36) | n/a | 1.55 (0.67–3.54) |
Fourth Quintile | 0.78 (0.26–2.31) | 1.02 (0.30–3.43) | 0.46 (0.19–1.11) |
Highest Quintile | 0.68 (0.19–2.50) | 0.34 (0.04–2.94) | 0.67 (0.37–1.20) |
Ancestry |
<20 years | -- | -- | 1 |
>20 years | -- | -- | 1.94 (1.01–3.72) * |
Second Generation | -- | -- | 1.94 (0.63–6.04) |
Third Generation | -- | -- | 17.26 (7.04–42.33) *** |
Table 9 shows that across regions, age was related to fair or poor self-rated dental health. For instance, among participants in Guyana (AOR = 1.05,
p < 0.001) Jamaica (AOR = 1.05,
p < 0.001) and US Caribbeans (AOR = 1.03,
p < 0.01), there were increased odds for fair or poor dental health among older participants. This increase was also found among unemployed Guyanese (AOR = 1.57,
p = 0.05). The data further revealed increased odds for fair or poor dental health among third generation US Caribbeans (AOR = 3.15,
p < 0.05), as well as middle (AOR = 2.32,
p < 0.05) and fourth income quintile (AOR = 2.33,
p < 0.05) participants within this population. Contrasting this finding, however, was the reduced odds for fair or poor dental health among married (AOR = .64,
p < 0.01) Guyanese participants. Both high school (AOR = 0.67,
p < 0.01) and college educated (AOR = 0.41,
p = 0.001) participants within this population also had lower odds for fair or poor self-rated dental health. Lower odds (AOR = 0.40,
p < 0.01) for fair or poor dental health was also apparent among college educated Jamaicans.
Table 9.
Factors associated with self-rated dental health (fair/poor) by country.
Table 9.
Factors associated with self-rated dental health (fair/poor) by country.
Characteristics | Guyana | Jamaica | US Caribbeans |
---|
AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) |
---|
Age | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) *** | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) *** | 1.03 (1.01–1.05) ** |
Gender |
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 0.89 (0.70–1.15) | 0.93 (0.676–1.28) | 1.19 (0.84–1.68) |
Marital Status |
Never married | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Married | 0.64 (0.46–0.88) ** | 0.80 (0.54–1.18) | 0.89 (0.44–1.82) |
Partnered | 1.37 (0.96–1.96) | 0.79 (0.48–1.27) | 1.49 (0.77–2.89) |
Sep-Div-Widow | 0.89 (0.61–1.29) | 0.88 (0.53–1.48) | 1.01 (0.52–1.95) |
Education |
Primary/Some HS | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High School Grad | 0.67 (0.49–0.92) ** | 0.80 (0.50–1.28) | 0.52 (0.24–1.12) |
College-Voc-Tech | 0.41 (0.28–0.62) *** | 0.40 (0.22–0.72) ** | 0.61 (0.36–1.05) |
Employment Status |
Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Unemployed | 1.57 (1.08–2.30) * | 1.52 (0.98–2.35) | 1.85 (0.71–4.83) |
Not in Labor Force | 0.917 (0.68–1.23) | 1.14 (0.79–1.66) | 1.32 (0.66–2.63) |
Equivalized Income |
Bottom Quintile | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Second Quintile | 0.99 (0.70–1.39) | 0.83 (0.54–1.27) | 1.03 (0.59–1.81) |
Middle Quintile | 0.82 (0.55–1.22) | 0.38 (0.10–1.50) | 2.32 (1.07–5.04) * |
Fourth Quintile | 0.99 (0.66–1.51) | 0.89 (0.51–1.56) | 2.33 (1.02–5.31) * |
Highest Quintile | 1.02 (0.62–1.66) | 0.83 (0.42–1.60) | 1.20 (0.60–2.42) |
Ancestry |
<20 years | --- | --- | 1 |
>20 years | --- | --- | 1.42 (0.64–3.14) |
Second Generation | --- | --- | 1.27 (0.71–2.26) |
Third Generation | --- | --- | 3.15 (1.55–6.40) ** |
The final analysis shown in
Table 10, revealed increased odds for fair or poor general physical health among older Guyanese (AOR = 1.05,
p < 0.001) and Jamaicans (AOR = 1.03,
p < 0.001). A similar direction in fair or poor general health was observed for females (AOR = 1.44,
p < 0.05) and unemployed (AOR = 1.70,
p < 0.01) Jamaicans. Increased odds for fair or poor self-rated health was also found among US Caribbean (AOR = 2.33,
p < 0.01) participants who were not in the labor force. This increase odds in fair or poor health was also observed for Caribbean descendant who had lived in the United States for more than 20 years (AOR = 1.92,
p < 0.05) and among second (AOR = 2.41,
p < 0.05) and third generation (AOR = 2.48,
p < 0.01) participants. Contrary to these findings, college educated Guyanese (AOR = 0.50,
p < 0.01) and Jamaicans (AOR = 0.48,
p < 0.01) had reduced odds of fair or poor health.
Table 10.
Factors associated with self-rated general health (fair/poor) by country.
Table 10.
Factors associated with self-rated general health (fair/poor) by country.
Characteristics | Guyana | Jamaica | US Caribbeans |
---|
AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) | AOR (CI) |
---|
Age | 1.05 (1.04–1.06) *** | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) *** | 1.02 (0.99–1.04) |
Gender |
Male | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Female | 1.10 (0.84–1.43) | 1.44 (1.04–1.98) * | 1.57 (0.79–3.10) |
Marital Status |
Never married | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Married | 0.88 (0.63–1.23) | 0.87 (0.59–1.28) | 0.54 (0.31–0.95) * |
Partnered | 0.96 (0.64–1.46) | 1.30 (0.84–2.01) | 1.10 (0.37–3.23) |
Sep-Div-Widow | 0.95 (0.64–1.40) | 1.12 (0.69–1.83) | 0.44 (0.16–1.19) |
Education |
Primary/Some HS | 1 | 1 | 1 |
High School Grad | 0.87 (0.62–1.22) | 0.69 (0.44–1.09) | 0.39 (0.16–0.97) * |
College-Voc-Tech | 0.50 (0.33–0.774) ** | 0.48 (0.27–0.83) ** | 0.37 (0.16–0.89) * |
Employment Status |
Employed | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Unemployed | 1.14 (0.75–1.75) | 1.70 (1.11–2.60) ** | 1.17 (0.62–2.22) |
Not in Labor Force | 1.22 (0.90–1.66) | 1.27 (0.89–1.82) | 2.33 (1.28–4.24) ** |
Equivalized Income |
Bottom Quintile | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Second Quintile | 0.99 (0.69–1.42) | 1.01 (0.66–1.51) | 0.78 (0.32–1.93) |
Middle Quintile | 0.97 (0.64–1.47) | 0.42 (0.09–1.99) | 1.80 (0.74–4.41) |
Fourth Quintile | 0.82 (0.52–1.29) | 1.10 (0.64–1.91) | 1.34 (0.47–3.82) |
Highest Quintile | 0.90 (0.53–1.54) | 0.99 (0.52–1.86) | 0.50 (0.25–0.98) * |
Ancestry |
<20 years | --- | --- | 1 |
>20 years | --- | --- | 1.92 (1.07–3.46) * |
Second Generation | --- | --- | 2.41 (1.17–4.94) * |
Third Generation | --- | --- | 2.48 (1.30–4.72) ** |
This was also the case for high school (AOR = 0.39, p < 0.05) and college educated (AOR = 0.37, p < 0.05) US Caribbeans. In addition, lower odds for fair or poor physical health was found among US Caribbeans in the highest income quintile category (AOR = 0.51, p < 0.05) within this population.