Family Smoking, Exposure to Secondhand Smoke at Home and Family Unhappiness in Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sampling and Ethics Statement
2.2. Measurement
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Characteristics | N | % a |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Boys | 507 | 42.6 |
Girls | 682 | 57.4 |
Age | ||
≤7 to 8 | 667 | 54.3 |
9 to ≥12 | 562 | 45.7 |
Mean age (standard deviation) in years | 1229 | 8.5 (0.9) |
Number of bedrooms at home | ||
1 or no | 160 | 13.2 |
2 | 597 | 49.3 |
3 or more | 453 | 37.4 |
Perceived family affluence | ||
Poor and poor to medium | 150 | 12.4 |
Medium | 657 | 54.2 |
Medium to rich and rich | 405 | 33.4 |
Marital status of biological parents | ||
Married | 1007 | 84.3 |
Others | 188 | 15.7 |
Number of co-residing smokers | ||
None | 724 | 59.1 |
1 | 373 | 30.4 |
2 or more | 129 | 10.5 |
Any | 502 | 41.0 |
SHS at home | ||
None | 912 | 76.0 |
1–4 days/week | 145 | 12.1 |
5–7 days/week | 143 | 11.9 |
Any | 288 | 24.0 |
SHS outside home | ||
None | 672 | 55.5 |
1–4 days/week | 352 | 29.0 |
5–7 days/week | 188 | 15.5 |
Any | 540 | 44.5 |
Tobacco-related unpleasant experience in the past 30 days | ||
No | 853 | 72.5 |
Yes | 323 | 27.5 |
Family unhappiness | ||
No | 1000 | 83.5 |
Yes | 197 | 16.5 |
Study Factors | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
N = 1075 a | N = 836 c | |||
Number of co-residing smokers at home | Unpleasant experience (%) | AOR (95% CI) b | Unpleasant experience (%) | AOR (95% CI) d |
None | 13.6 | 1 | 13.5 | 1 |
1 | 46.9 | 5.93 (4.36–8.06) *** | 41.6 | 4.64 (3.55–6.06) *** |
2 or more | 51.2 | 6.74 (5.06–8.97) *** | 46.9 | 6.60 (3.53–12.33) *** |
Any | 48.0 | 6.11 (4.82–7.75) *** | 42.8 | 4.97 (4.19–5.89) *** |
p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Study Factors | Model 3 | |||
N = 421 e | ||||
SHS exposure at home | Unpleasant experience (%) | AOR (95% CI) f | ||
None | 41.2 | 1 | ||
1–4 days/week | 46.3 | 1.15 (1.01–1.32) * | ||
5–7 days/week | 58.9 | 1.77 (0.82–3.83) | ||
Any | 52.8 | 1.43 (0.98–2.07) | ||
p for trend | 0.13 |
Study factors | Model 1 | Model 2 | ||
N = 1091 a | N = 844 c | |||
Number of co-residing smokers at home | Family unhappiness (%) | AOR (95% CI) b | Family unhappiness (%) | AOR (95% CI) d |
None | 8.8 | 1 | 8.8 | 1 |
1 | 25.5 | 3.01 (2.10–4.32) *** | 20.1 | 2.10 (1.38–3.20) ** |
2 or more | 27.9 | 2.90 (1.39–6.06) ** | 30.8 | 3.66 (1.28–10.46) * |
Any | 26.1 | 2.99 (1.96–4.54) *** | 22.6 | 2.37 (1.51–3.71) *** |
p for trend | <0.001 | 0.001 | ||
Study Factors | Model 3 | |||
N = 429 e | ||||
SHS exposure at home | Family unhappiness (%) | AOR (95% CI) f | ||
None | 20.7 | 1 | ||
1–4 days/week | 26.8 | 1.53 (1.12–2.09) ** | ||
5–7 days/week | 35.3 | 2.17 (1.35–3.50) ** | ||
Any | 31.1 | 1.82 (1.39–2.40) *** | ||
p for trend | 0.001 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgements
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chen, J.J.; Ho, S.Y.; Au, W.M.; Wang, M.P.; Lam, T.H. Family Smoking, Exposure to Secondhand Smoke at Home and Family Unhappiness in Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 14557-14570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121114557
Chen JJ, Ho SY, Au WM, Wang MP, Lam TH. Family Smoking, Exposure to Secondhand Smoke at Home and Family Unhappiness in Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(11):14557-14570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121114557
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Jian Jiu, Sai Yin Ho, Wing Man Au, Man Ping Wang, and Tai Hing Lam. 2015. "Family Smoking, Exposure to Secondhand Smoke at Home and Family Unhappiness in Children" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 11: 14557-14570. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121114557