Occurrence and Profiles of the Artificial Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A and Natural Endocrine Disruptor Phytoestrogens in Urine from Children in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection
2.2. Chemicals
2.3. Sample Pretreatment
2.4. Chemical Analysis
2.5. Quality Assurance and Quality Control
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
Urinary Concentration (ng/mL) | Corrected by Urinary Creatinine (μg/g) c | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BPA | Enterolactone | Enterodiol | Daidzein | O-DMA | Genistein | Equol | BPA | Enterolactone | Enterodiol | Daidzein | O-DMA | Genistein | Equol | ||
Children (n = 256) | |||||||||||||||
GM a | 1.58 | 162 | 21.4 | 142 | 4.87 | 21.7 | 10.8 | 2.52 | 258 | 34.1 | 226 | 7.76 | 34.6 | 17.2 | |
AM b | 2.47 | 407 | 120 | 435 | 33.3 | 64.4 | 44.5 | 1.93 | 948 | 379 | 1350 | 71.6 | 204 | 182 | |
Max | 24.9 | 2910 | 4250 | 2720 | 346 | 419 | 336 | 74.3 | 258 | 34.1 | 226 | 7.76 | 34.6 | 29.6 | |
DF% | 99.2 | 100 | 98.4 | 93.4 | 71.9 | 98.4 | 53.1 | ||||||||
Girls (n = 124) | |||||||||||||||
GM | 1.32 | 165 | 18.1 | 101 | 6.48 | 17.6 | 10.1 | 2.47 | 310 | 34.0 | 189 | 12.2 | 33.2 | 19.0 | |
AM | 1.99 | 366 | 48.8 | 379 | 37.0 | 58.7 | 38.7 | 2.11 | 1010 | 251 | 1320 | 107 | 242 | 70.6 | |
Max | 10.3 | 2910 | 595 | 2720 | 241 | 419 | 319 | 69.4 | 7090 | 4955 | 14,200 | 622 | 2180 | 308 | |
DF% | 98.4 | 100 | 100 | 90.3 | 61.3 | 100 | 62.9 | ||||||||
Boys (n = 132) | |||||||||||||||
GM | 1.76 | 160 | 25.4 | 200 | 3.66 | 26.8 | 11.6 | 2.37 | 214 | 34.2 | 270 | 4.94 | 36.1 | 15.6 | |
AM | 2.52 | 449 | 192 | 492 | 29.7 | 70.2 | 50.3 | 1.87 | 888 | 507 | 1380 | 36.2 | 166 | 241 | |
Max | 24.9 | 2300 | 4250 | 2580 | 346 | 346 | 336 | 74.3 | 12,500 | 9680 | 22,200 | 274 | 1200 | 5770 | |
DF% | 100 | 100 | 97.0 | 99.2 | 84.4 | 97.0 | 43.9 |
4. Discussion
BPA | Enterodiol | Daidzein | O-DMA | Genistein | Equol | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
R | p | R | p | R | p | R | p | R | p | R | p | |
enterolactone | 0.224 | 0.088 | 0.530 | 0.000 | 0.097 | 0.481 | 0.230 | 0.142 | −0.010 | 0.940 | 0.462 | 0.008 |
enterodiol | 0.073 | 0.583 | 0.324 | 0.016 | 0.326 | 0.033 | 0.251 | 0.057 | 0.142 | 0.448 | ||
daidzein | 0.301 | 0.024 | 0.338 | 0.031 | 0.744 | 0.000 | 0.608 | 0.000 | ||||
O-DMA | −0.037 | 0.815 | 0.095 | 0.544 | 0.222 | 0.376 | ||||||
genistein | 0.193 | 0.143 | 0.321 | 0.079 | ||||||||
equol | 0.407 | 0.021 |
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Zhang, M.; Duan, Z.; Wu, Y.; Liu, Z.; Li, K.; Wang, L. Occurrence and Profiles of the Artificial Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A and Natural Endocrine Disruptor Phytoestrogens in Urine from Children in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 15110-15117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121214964
Zhang M, Duan Z, Wu Y, Liu Z, Li K, Wang L. Occurrence and Profiles of the Artificial Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A and Natural Endocrine Disruptor Phytoestrogens in Urine from Children in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(12):15110-15117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121214964
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Mingyue, Zhenghua Duan, Yinghong Wu, Zhen Liu, Ke Li, and Lei Wang. 2015. "Occurrence and Profiles of the Artificial Endocrine Disruptor Bisphenol A and Natural Endocrine Disruptor Phytoestrogens in Urine from Children in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 12: 15110-15117. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph121214964