Estimation of Seasonal Risk Caused by the Intake of Lead, Mercury and Cadmium through Freshwater Fish Consumption from Urban Water Reservoirs in Arid Areas of Northern Mexico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Reagents
2.4. Apparatus
2.5. Sample Pre-Treatment
2.6. Statistical Analysis
2.7. Estimated Weekly Intake
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Method Validation
Metal | Certified Value (mg/kg) | Obtained Value * (mg/kg) | Recovery (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Mercury a | 3.37 ± 0.14 | 3.35 ± 0.09 | 99.4 |
Lead b | 0.32 ± 0.05 | 0.31 ± 0.03 | 96.8 |
Cadmium b | 19.4 ± 0.6 | 19.34 ± 0.55 | 99.6 |
3.2. Metals Concentrations
Water Reservoirs | Species | Sampling Season | Cadmium (mg/kg Wet Weight) | Lead (mg/kg Wet Weight) | Mercury (mg/kg Wet Weight) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
El Rejón | Channel catfish | Spring | 0.061 ± 0.013a | 2.327 ± 0.080b | 0.041 ± 0.022 |
Summer | 0.235 ± 0.013b | <0.042a | 0.039 ± 0.022 | ||
Autumn | <0.0025a | 3.154 ± 0.080c | 0.059 ± 0.022 | ||
Winter | <0.0025a | <0.042a | 0.047 ± 0.022 | ||
Green sunfish | Spring | 0.027 ± 0.014 | 1.718 ± 0.560a,b | <0.005a | |
Summer | <0.0025 | <0.042a | 0.098 ± 0.012b | ||
Autumn | <0.0025 | 3.516 ± 0.560b | 0.059 ± 0.012a,b | ||
Winter | <0.0025 | <0.042a | 0.034 ± 0.012a,b | ||
Chihuahua | Channel catfish | Spring | <0.0025 | 0.729 ± 0.103b | <0.005a |
Summer | 0.010 ± 0.007 | <0.042a | 0.047 ± 0.010a,b | ||
Autumn | 0.024 ± 0.007 | 2.110 ± 0.103c | 0.042 ± 0.010a,b | ||
Winter | <0.0025 | <0.042a | 0.089 ± 0.010b | ||
Green sunfish | Spring | <0.0025 | 2.746 ± 0.087b | <0.005a | |
Summer | 0.121 ± 0.055 | <0.042a | 0.465 ± 0.256b | ||
Autumn | <0.0025 | 1.525 ± 0.087b | <0.005a | ||
Winter | <0.0025 | <0.042a | <0.005a | ||
San Marcos | Blue gill | Spring | <0.0025a | 0.623 ± 0.329 | 0.744 ± 0.119 |
Summer | 0.036 ± 0.0004b | <0.042 | 0.333 ± 0.119 | ||
Autumn | <0.0025a | 0.976 ± 0.329 | 0.395 ± 0.119 | ||
Winter | <0.0025a | <0.042 | 0.275 ± 0.119 | ||
Chuviscar | Channel catfish | Spring | 0.090 ± 0.005b | 4.298 ± 0.626b | <0.005 |
Autumn | <0.0025a | <0.042a | 0.013 ± 0.004 | ||
Winter | <0.0025a | <0.042a | <0.005 |
3.2.1. Mercury
3.2.2. Cadmium
3.2.3. Lead
3.3. Estimation of Weekly Intakes of Hg, Cd and Pb through Fish Consumption
Water Reservoir | Species | Sampling Season | Cadmium | Lead | Mercury |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
El Rejón | Channel catfish | Spring | 0.199 | 7.602 | 0.134 |
Summer | 0.768 | NA | 0.127 | ||
Autumn | NA | 10.303 | 0.193 | ||
Winter | NA | NA | 0.154 | ||
Green sunfish | Spring | 0.088 | 5.612 | NA | |
Summer | NA | NA | 0.320 | ||
Autumn | NA | 11.486 | 0.193 | ||
Winter | NA | NA | 0.111 | ||
Chihuahua | Channel catfish | Spring | NA | 2.381 | NA |
Summer | 0.033 | NA | 0.154 | ||
Autumn | 0.078 | 6.893 | 0.137 | ||
Winter | NA | NA | 0.291 | ||
Green sunfish | Spring | NA | 8.970 | NA | |
Summer | 0.395 | NA | 1.519 | ||
Autumn | NA | 4.982 | NA | ||
Winter | NA | NA | NA | ||
San Marcos | Blue gill | Spring | NA | 2.035 | 2.430 |
Summer | 0.118 | NA | 1.088 | ||
Autumn | NA | 3.188 | 1.290 | ||
Winter | NA | NA | 0.898 | ||
Chuviscar | Channel catfish | Spring | 0.294 | 14.040 | NA |
Autumn | NA | NA | 0.042 | ||
Winter | NA | NA | NA |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Nevárez, M.; Leal, L.O.; Moreno, M. Estimation of Seasonal Risk Caused by the Intake of Lead, Mercury and Cadmium through Freshwater Fish Consumption from Urban Water Reservoirs in Arid Areas of Northern Mexico. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 1803-1816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120201803
Nevárez M, Leal LO, Moreno M. Estimation of Seasonal Risk Caused by the Intake of Lead, Mercury and Cadmium through Freshwater Fish Consumption from Urban Water Reservoirs in Arid Areas of Northern Mexico. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(2):1803-1816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120201803
Chicago/Turabian StyleNevárez, Myrna, Luz O. Leal, and Myriam Moreno. 2015. "Estimation of Seasonal Risk Caused by the Intake of Lead, Mercury and Cadmium through Freshwater Fish Consumption from Urban Water Reservoirs in Arid Areas of Northern Mexico" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 2: 1803-1816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120201803