The Mediating Effect of Body Mass Index on the Relationship between Cigarette Smoking and Atopic Sensitization in Chinese Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Information Collection
2.3. Definition of Smoking Categories
2.4. Body Mass Index (BMI) Calculation
2.5. Specific IgE Test and Definition of Atopic Sensitization
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Result
3.1.1. Characteristics of Study Subjects
Characteristics | Non-Smokers | Current Smokers, Average Numbers of Cigarettes Per Day | Former Smokers | p Value a | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Light Smokers (1–9) | Moderate Smokers (10–20) | Heavy Smokers (≥21) | ||||
N | 2942 | 184 | 249 | 53 | 129 | |
Gender, %men | 16.76 | 55.43 | 72.29 | 84.91 | 75.97 | <0.0001 |
Age group % | <0.0001 | |||||
18–39 | 53.13 | 55.43 | 42.17 | 22.64 | 25.58 | |
40–59 | 41.13 | 38.59 | 53.01 | 67.92 | 54.26 | |
≥60 | 5.74 | 5.98 | 4.82 | 9.43 | 20.16 | |
Educational level % | <0.0001 | |||||
1st | 25.29 | 35.33 | 27.71 | 45.28 | 39.53 | |
2nd | 38.38 | 32.61 | 52.21 | 33.96 | 34.11 | |
3rd | 36.34 | 32.07 | 20.08 | 20.75 | 26.36 | |
Family allergic disease history, %yes | 10.77 | 9.78 | 6.83 | 5.66 | 6.98 | 0.146 |
Alcohol drinkers, %yes | 8.36 | 31.52 | 38.15 | 50.94 | 41.09 | <0.0001 |
Atopy(allergic to any allergens), %yes | 23.05 | 16.85 | 15.26 | 22.64 | 20.93 | 0.023 |
Allergic toinhalant Allergens only %yes | 18.41 | 12.57 | 12.08 | 18.00 | 13.56 | 0.030 |
Allergictofood allergens only %yes | 2.96 | 2.55 | 1.86 | 2.38 | 3.77 | 0.870 |
Allergic to both food andaeroallergens %yes | 4.15 | 3.16 | 2.31 | 4.65 | 6.42 | 0.453 |
BMI,kg/m2mean(SD) | 22.81 (3.59) | 22.62 (3.50) | 23.61 (4.66) | 24.01 (3.32) | 24.12 (3.56) | <0.0001 |
Atopic Sensitization to Different Types of Allergens | BMI (Mediator) | Atopic Sensitization (Y ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Path | β (SE) | p Value | Path | β (SE) | p Value | |
Allergic to inhalant Allergens only | ||||||
Non-smokers | Reference | Reference | ||||
Light smokers(X1) | a1 | −0.906 (0.279) | 0.001 | c1 | −0.476 (0.239) | 0.046 |
Moderate smokers(X2) | a2 | −0.338 (0.252) | 0.180 | c2 | −0.529 (0.216) | 0.014 |
Heavy smokers(X3) | a3 | −0.397 (0.512) | 0.438 | c3 | −0.033 (0.383) | 0.932 |
Former smokers (X4) | a4 | −0.156 (0.345) | 0.651 | c4 | −0.363 (0.286) | 0.204 |
BMI, kg/m2 (M) | b | ---- | ---- | ---- | 0.029 (0.013) | 0.022 |
Allergic to both food andinhalant allergens | ||||||
Non-smokers | Reference | Reference | ||||
Light smokers(X1) | a1 | −0.944 (0.289) | 0.001 | c1 | −0.729 (0.479) | 0.128 |
Moderate smokers(X2) | a2 | −0.284 (0.261) | 0.278 | c2 | −1.165 (0.482) | 0.016 |
Heavy smokers(X3) | a3 | 0.030 (0.541) | 0.056 | c3 | −0.528 (0.753) | 0.483 |
Former smokers (X4) | a4 | −0.251 (0.354) | 0.478 | c4 | −0.095 (0.434) | 0.828 |
BMI, kg/m2(M) | b | ---- | ---- | ---- | 0.013 (0.027) | 0.629 |
3.1.2. Associations between Each Smoking Category, BMI and Atopic Sensitization to Different Types of Allergens
3.1.3. Indirect and Direct Effect, through Potential Mediator, of Smoking Categories on Atopic Sensitizationto Different Types of Allergens
Atopic Sensitization to Different Types of Allergens | Indirect Effect of Smoking on Atopic Sensitization to Different Types of Allergens (ab paths) | Direct Effect of Smoking on Atopic Sensitization to Different Types of Allergens (c’ paths) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Path | Point Estimate (SE) | BC 95% CI | Path | Point Estimate (SE) | BC 95% CI | |
Only allergic to aeroallergens | ||||||
Non-smokers | Reference | Reference | ||||
Light smokers (X1) | a1b | −0.026 (0.015) | −0.062 to −0.004 | c’1 | −0.452 (0.239) | −0.921 to 0.018 |
Moderate smokers (X2) | a2b | −0.010 (0.013) | −0.043 to 0.008 | c’2 | −0.525 (0.217) | −0.950 to −0.101 |
Heavy smokers (X3) | a3b | −0.011 (0.017) | −0.059 to 0.014 | c’3 | −0.021 (0.384) | −0.773 to 0.731 |
Former smokers (X4) | a4b | −0.005 (0.011) | −0.034 to 0.013 | c’4 | −0.361 (0.286) | −0.921 to 0.200 |
Allergic to both food and aeroallergens | ||||||
Non-smokers | Reference | Reference | ||||
Light smokers (X1) | a1b | −0.012 (0.029) | −0.071 to 0.043 | c’1 | −0.716 (0.480) | −1.657 to 0.227 |
Moderate smokers (X2) | a2b | −0.004 (0.015) | −0.051 to 0.015 | c’2 | −1.160 (0.482) | −2.105 to −0.215 |
Heavy smokers (X3) | a3b | 0.0004 (0.017) | −0.031 to 0.040 | c’3 | −0.524 (0.753) | −1.999 to 0.951 |
Former smokers (X4) | a4b | −0.003 (0.014) | −0.048 to 0.014 | c’4 | −0.092 (0.434) | −0.942 to 0.758 |
3.2. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Luo, X.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Z.; Cai, F.; Xie, B.; Qu, S.; Liu, M. The Mediating Effect of Body Mass Index on the Relationship between Cigarette Smoking and Atopic Sensitization in Chinese Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 3381-3394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120303381
Luo X, Wang Y, Wang Z, Cai F, Xie B, Qu S, Liu M. The Mediating Effect of Body Mass Index on the Relationship between Cigarette Smoking and Atopic Sensitization in Chinese Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(3):3381-3394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120303381
Chicago/Turabian StyleLuo, Xiao, Yupeng Wang, Zhiqiang Wang, Fuwen Cai, Biao Xie, Siyang Qu, and Meina Liu. 2015. "The Mediating Effect of Body Mass Index on the Relationship between Cigarette Smoking and Atopic Sensitization in Chinese Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 3: 3381-3394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120303381