Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Dagang Oilfield (China): Distribution, Sources, and Risk Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Reagents and Instruments
2.3. Methodology for Determination of PAHs
2.4. Quality Control
2.5. Statistics
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PAHs Concentrations in Soil Samples
PAH | Arable Desert Soil Area (AD) | |||||||||
S0 | S1 | S2 | S3 | S4 | S5 | S17 | S20 | S21 | S22 | |
Nap | 283.6 | 2.26 | 476.0 | 37.41 | 505.6 | 478.5 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Baa | ND | ND | 7.11 | 6.99 | ND | ND | 0.49 | 0.9 | 0.83 | 0.46 |
BkF | 4.13 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 4.13 | 3.09 | 3.13 | 4.05 | 2.39 |
BaP | 4.98 | ND | 5.55 | ND | ND | 5.6 | 5.09 | 5.00 | 5.16 | 4.65 |
Ind | 15.13 | 15 | ND | ND | ND | 15.1 | 15.11 | 6.13 | 15.82 | 7.13 |
Ace | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.21 | ND |
Flu | 8.65 | 35.27 | 3.39 | 5.59 | 9.19 | 6.53 | 15.02 | 14.53 | 24.88 | 16.58 |
Phe | 22.82 | 34.22 | ND | 33.88 | 52.36 | 25.03 | 54.27 | 108.70 | 218.7 | 196.2 |
Ant | 20.26 | 0.21 | ND | 0.19 | 0.21 | 0.22 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
Fla | 9.43 | 12.23 | 9.46 | 34.72 | 32.21 | 17.03 | 10.37 | 21.85 | 93.24 | 25.42 |
Pyr | 3.52 | 3.60 | 3.6 | 24.31 | 50.0 | 3.6 | 6.86 | 28.88 | 116.2 | 27.93 |
Bghip | 0.30 | 0.80 | 0.20 | 0.10 | 0.80 | 1.10 | 7.19 | 7.46 | 13.93 | 8.46 |
∑PAHs | 372.8 | 103.6 | 505.3 | 143.2 | 650.3 | 556.8 | 117.5 | 196.6 | 492.9 | 289.2 |
∑BPAHs | 307.8 | 17.3 | 488.7 | 44.4 | 505.6 | 503.3 | 23.8 | 15.2 | 25.9 | 14.6 |
PAHs | Around oil well areas (OW) | |||||||||
S9 | S10 | S12 | S13 | S16 | S23 | S24 | S25 | S26 | - | |
Nap | 489.8 | 689.8 | 738.5 | 471.3 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 20.85 | - |
Chr | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 199.6 | 203.7 | - |
Baa | ND | ND | 7.12 | 7.1 | 0.68 | 0.52 | 0.47 | 73.42 | 0.89 | - |
BkF | ND | 4.15 | ND | 4.14 | 2.02 | 3.13 | 3.6 | 92.78 | 4.05 | - |
BaP | ND | 0 | 5.58 | 6.03 | 5.47 | 4.54 | 5.62 | 23.85 | 23.85 | - |
Ind | ND | 16.0 | ND | ND | 7.13 | 5.13 | 6.13 | 15.13 | 15.82 | - |
Ace | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | - |
Flu | 9.97 | 3.39 | 7.44 | 5.21 | 15.78 | 11.67 | 13.82 | 18.22 | 129.1 | - |
Phe | 52.33 | ND | 23.13 | 26.10 | 53.10 | 140.3 | 90.59 | 268.4 | 512.5 | - |
Ant | 0.23 | ND | 0.25 | 0.27 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | - |
Fla | 9.43 | 9.41 | 9.43 | 18.55 | 18.77 | 19.88 | 16.05 | 157.05 | 48.11 | - |
Pyr | 24.31 | 3.59 | 17.63 | 55.97 | 19.38 | 25.11 | 198.7 | 175.6 | 46.80 | - |
Bghip | 7.70 | 9.20 | 8.30 | 6.90 | 6.93 | 6.77 | 5.66 | 189.4 | 17.4 | - |
∑PAHs | 593.8 | 735.6 | 817.4 | 601.6 | 129.3 | 217.0 | 340.6 | 1214 | 1029 | - |
∑BPAHs | 489.8 | 710.1 | 751.2 | 488.6 | 15.30 | 13.32 | 15.82 | 404.7 | 269.2 | - |
PAHs | Resident (RD) | |||||||||
S6 | S7 | S8 | S11 | S14 | S15 | S18 | S19 | - | - | |
Nap | 517.3 | 460.5 | 571.4 | 602.8 | 548.7 | 2.75 | 0.37 | 26.73 | - | - |
Chr | ND | ND | 52.96 | 288.9 | ND | ND | ND | 2966.1 | - | - |
Baa | ND | 7.01 | 47.70 | 397.8 | 7.13 | 0.86 | 0.91 | 0.87 | - | - |
BkF | 4.10 | 3.99 | 4.13 | 495.2 | 4.10 | 4.13 | 4.97 | 3.97 | - | - |
BaP | 5.70 | 5.71 | 0.00 | 427.1 | ND | 5.65 | 4.95 | 1384.1 | - | - |
Ind | 15.13 | ND | 57.70 | 410.9 | ND | 1579.8 | 6.26 | 15.40 | - | - |
Ace | ND | ND | ND | 15.02 | ND | ND | ND | 2.86 | - | - |
Flu | 3.39 | 7.01 | 11.50 | 28.36 | 11.07 | 45.01 | 32.46 | 168.5 | - | - |
Phe | 28.03 | 15.12 | 89.62 | 268.4 | 43.67 | 269.8 | 164.9 | 374.7 | - | - |
Ant | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.22 | 39.08 | 0.26 | ND | ND | ND | - | - |
Fla | 39.45 | 55.04 | 89.02 | 411.9 | 6.28 | 54.62 | 71.17 | 806.5 | - | - |
Pyr | 3.59 | 12.80 | 87.65 | 379.9 | 34.03 | 41.60 | 31.52 | 105.91 | - | - |
Bghip | 1.20 | 5.20 | 8.60 | 17.05 | 5.89 | 17.46 | 17.61 | 16.19 | - | - |
∑PAHs | 618.1 | 572.5 | 1021 | 3783 | 661.1 | 2022 | 335.1 | 5872 | - | - |
∑BPAHs | 542.2 | 477.2 | 733.9 | 2623 | 559.9 | 1593 | 17.46 | 4397 | - | - |
3.2. Composition and Profiles of PAHs in Individual Sampling Sites
3.3. Analysis of Potential Contamination Sources
3.3.1. Isomer Ratios
3.3.2. Relationship to Anthropogenic Activities
3.4. Assessment of Soil Toxicity
Compound | USEPA | Nisbet And LaGoy | This Study | Carcinogenicity Classification |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nap | 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | B a |
Ace | 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
AcP | 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
Flu | 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
Phe | 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
Ant | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
Fla | 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
Pyr | 0 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
Baa | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | B |
Chr | 1 | 0.01 | 1 | B |
Bbf | 1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | B |
BkF | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | B |
BaP | 1 | 1 | 1 | B |
DahA | 1 | 1 | 1 | B |
BghiP | 0 | 0.01 | 0.01 | |
Inp | 1 | 1 | 1 | B |
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Jiao, H.; Rui, X.; Wu, S.; Bai, Z.; Zhuang, X.; Huang, Z. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Dagang Oilfield (China): Distribution, Sources, and Risk Assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 5775-5791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120605775
Jiao H, Rui X, Wu S, Bai Z, Zhuang X, Huang Z. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Dagang Oilfield (China): Distribution, Sources, and Risk Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(6):5775-5791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120605775
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiao, Haihua, Xiaoping Rui, Shanghua Wu, Zhihui Bai, Xuliang Zhuang, and Zhanbin Huang. 2015. "Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Dagang Oilfield (China): Distribution, Sources, and Risk Assessment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 6: 5775-5791. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120605775