The Effect of Engagement in Everyday Occupations, Role Overload and Social Support on Health and Life Satisfaction among Mothers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Occupational Performance (See Figure 1, Hypotheses 1 and 2)
1.2. Occupational Performance, Role Load, Health, and Life Satisfaction (See Figure 1, Hypotheses 3−7 and 12−16)
1.3. Mothers’ Occupations, Role Load, and Health (See Figure 1, Hypotheses 12−16)
1.4. Mothers’ Social Support and Health (See Figure 1, Hypotheses 8−11)
1.5. Mothers’ Socio-Demographic Factors and Health
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. The Study Group
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
Variable Name | Levels | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|---|
No. of children | 1 | 41 | 27.3 |
2 | 67 | 44.7 | |
3 | 35 | 23.3 | |
4 | 7 | 4.7 | |
Education | High school | 24 | 16 |
Bachelor’s degree | 59 | 39.3 | |
Two Bachelor’s degrees | 6 | 4 | |
MA | 30 | 20 | |
PhD | 5 | 3.3 | |
Other degrees | 26 | 17.3 |
3.2. Distribution of Study Variables
Variable | Mean | Median | SD | Range (Min−Max) | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Social support | 27.02 | 27.00 | 4.29 | (15–36) | −0.21 | −0.31 |
2. Occupational settings | 67.00 | 67.00 | 11.19 | (39–91) | −0.21 | −0.48 |
3. Occupational competence | 69.03 | 68.00 | 10.80 | (44–100) | 0.26 | −0.34 |
4. Role overload | 2.35 | 2.40 | 0.41 | (1.40–3.50) | −0.12 | −0.31 |
5. Health behaviors | 1.69 | 2.00 | 0.70 | (0–3) | −0.31 | 0.06 |
6. Physical health | 76.83 | 79.00 | 14.19 | (19–99) | −1.25 | 1.94 |
7. Mental health | 76.07 | 78.50 | 12.93 | (37–98) | −1.14 | 1.16 |
8. Health perception | 84.07 | 88.00 | 14.33 | (35–100) | −1.19 | 1.11 |
9. Satisfaction with life | 26.93 | 28.00 | 4.70 | (10–34) | −1.17 | 1.59 |
10. Mother’s age | 34.25 | 33.00 | 4.78 | (25–45) | 0.32 | −0.52 |
11. Education | 15.71 | 16.00 | 2.23 | (12–23) | 0.03 | 0.07 |
12. No. children | 2.05 | 2.00 | 0.83 | (1–4) | 0.39 | −0.47 |
13. Average children’s age | 5.00 | 3.71 | 3.66 | (1–15.75) | 1.04 | 0.10 |
14. Hours at work | 34.89 | 35.00 | 9.82 | (12–62) | −0.02 | −0.06 |
3.3. Correlations between Research Variables
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Social support | (0.63) | 0.24 | 0.29 | 0.39 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.50 | 0.03 | 0.16 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.05 |
2. Occupational settings | 0.17 * | (0.80) | 0.85 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.04 | 0.42 | 0.30 | 0.04 | 0.36 | 0.38 | −0.06 |
3. Occupational competence | 0.21 * | 0.69 *** | (0.82) | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.43 | 0.23 | 0.20 | 0.33 | 0.29 | −0.03 |
4. Role overload | 0.31 *** | 0.09 | 0.06 | ----- | 0.13 | 0.18 | 0.05 | 0.17 | 0.18 | −0.13 | 0.12 | −0.09 | −0.10 | 0.14 |
5. Health behaviors | 0.08 | 0.19 * | 0.19 * | 0.13 | ----- | 0.24 | 0.13 | 0.15 | 0.17 | −0.10 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.13 |
6. Physical health | 0.14 | 0.19 * | 0.06 | 0.15 | 0.20 * | (0.70) | 0.77 | 0.66 | 0.34 | 0.06 | −0.13 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.07 |
7. Mental health | 0.09 | 0.31 *** | 0.15 | 0.04 | 0.11 | 0.53 *** | (0.67) | 0.54 | 0.69 | 0.09 | −0.16 | 0.15 | 0.12 | −0.22 |
8. Health perception | 0.09 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.17 * | 0.15 | 0.55 *** | 0.44 *** | ----- | 0.25 | −0.19 | −0.05 | −0.03 | −0.10 | 0.07 |
9. Satisfaction with life | 0.36 *** | 0.34 *** | 0.35 *** | 0.16 | 0.15 | 0.26 *** | 0.51 *** | 0.23 ** | (0.82) | 0 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.06 | −0.12 |
10. Mother’s age | 0.02 | 0.27 *** | 0.21 * | −0.13 | −0.10 | 0.05 | 0.07 | −0.19 * | 0 | ----- | 0.13 | 0.54 | 0.77 | −0.07 |
11. Education | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.18 * | 0.12 | 0.06 | −0.11 | −0.13 | −0.05 | 0.07 | 0.13 | ----- | −0.08 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
12. No. children | 0.13 | 0.32 *** | 0.30 *** | −0.09 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.12 | −0.03 | 0.12 | 0.54 *** | −0.08 | ----- | 0.63 | −0.07 |
13. Children age average | 0.05 | 0.34 *** | 0.26 ** | −0.10 | 0.02 | 0.12 | 0.10 | −0.10 | 0.05 | 0.77 *** | 0.01 | 0.63 *** | ----- | −0.08 |
14. Hours at work | 0.04 | −0.05 | −0.03 | 0.14 | 0.13 | 0.06 | −0.18 * | 0.07 | −0.11 | −0.07 | 0.03 | −0.07 | −0.08 | ----- |
3.4. Testing of the Theoretical Models
Model | s-b χ2 | df | GFI | SRMSR | CFI a | NFI a | AGFI | PNFI b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model I: Occupational competence effects on health and life satisfaction | 39.63 ** | 19 | 0.964 | 0.051 | 0.909 | 0.881 | 0.801 | 0.159 |
Model II: Model I + the direct effects of social support | 20.84 | 15 | 0.980 | 0.035 | 0.974 | 0.937 | 0.862 | 0.134 |
Model III: Model II + the effects of role overload | 17.21 | 10 | 0.984 | 0.030 | 0.968 | 0.948 | 0.828 | 0.090 |
4. Discussion
4.1. The Effect of Occupational Settings and Occupational Competence on Health and Life Satisfaction
4.2. The Effect of Social Support on Health and Life Satisfaction
4.3. The Effect of Role Overload on Health and Life Satisfaction
4.4. Limitations and Recommendations for Future Studies
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bar, M.A.; Jarus, T. The Effect of Engagement in Everyday Occupations, Role Overload and Social Support on Health and Life Satisfaction among Mothers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 6045-6065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606045
Bar MA, Jarus T. The Effect of Engagement in Everyday Occupations, Role Overload and Social Support on Health and Life Satisfaction among Mothers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(6):6045-6065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606045
Chicago/Turabian StyleBar, Michal Avrech, and Tal Jarus. 2015. "The Effect of Engagement in Everyday Occupations, Role Overload and Social Support on Health and Life Satisfaction among Mothers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 6: 6045-6065. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606045