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Communication

Comparison of Six Chromogenic Agar Media for the Isolation of a Broad Variety of Non-O157 Shigatoxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Serogroups

by
Bavo Verhaegen
1,2,
Koen De Reu
1,*,
Marc Heyndrickx
1,3 and
Lieven De Zutter
2
1
Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, 9090 Melle, Belgium
2
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
3
Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12(6), 6965-6978; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606965
Submission received: 11 March 2015 / Revised: 2 June 2015 / Accepted: 11 June 2015 / Published: 17 June 2015
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Food Safety)
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Versions Notes

Abstract

:
The isolation of non-O157 STEC from food samples has proved to be challenging. The selection of a suitable selective isolation agar remains problematic. The purpose of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate six chromogenic agar media for the isolation of STEC: Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide agar (TBX), Rainbow® Agar O157 (RB), Rapid E. coli O157:H7 (RE), Modified MacConkey Agar (mMac), CHROMagarTM STEC (Chr ST) and chromIDTM EHEC (Chr ID). During this study, 45 E. coli strains were used, including 39 STEC strains belonging to 16 different O serogroups and 6 non-STEC E. coli. All E. coli strains were able to grow on TBX and RB, whereas one STEC strain was unable to grow on Chr ID and a number of other STEC strains did not grow on mMac, CHROMagar STEC and Rapid E. coli O157:H7. However, only the latter three agars were selective enough to completely inhibit the growth of the non-STEC E. coli. Our conclusion was that paired use of a more selective agar such as CHROMagar STEC together with a less selective agar like TBX or Chr ID might be the best solution for isolating non-O157 STEC from food.

1. Introduction

The multitude of infectious diseases transmitted by microorganisms is a burden for public health. The well-known shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), also known as verotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC), causes human infections through direct transmission from person to person or from infected animals. It can also be indirectly transmitted via contaminated food, water, or environments contaminated with faeces [1]. STEC infections can be responsible for clinical symptoms ranging from mild to severe diarrhea, possibly complicated with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) or thrombotic thrombocytopaenic purpura (TTP) [2]. Rapid detection of this pathogen is of utmost importance to ensure appropriate actions to safeguard public health. The recently increased use of highly-automated real-time PCR screening techniques provides the required highly-sensitive detection of all STEC. However, the follow-up culture–based isolation of the pathogen can be labour-intensive and time-consuming due to the long incubation period. In some cases such isolation is even unsuccessful due to lack of sufficiently selective isolation media [3]. Because, STEC O157:H7 was initially the most common serotype within the STEC group, the development of isolation media has been targeted for this serotype. The current cultural method of STEC O157:H7 is based on its inability to ferment sorbitol, its lack of β-D-glucuronidase enzyme activity and its resistance to selective agents such as potassium tellurite, novobiocin and cefixime [4]. Consequently, multiple selective isolation media with chromogenic substrates have been formulated for the isolation of O157:H7 [5]. These isolation media fail to detect atypical O157 STEC in addition to a large number of non-O157 STEC strains. However, these strains are increasingly recognised and reported as important foodborne pathogens worldwide; an important example is the STEC O104:H4 outbreak in Germany and France of 2011. In Europe the most frequently isolated and human pathogenic most important non-O157 STEC serogroups are O26, O91, O103, O111 and O145 [1,6,7]. In contrast to O157:H7, strains of these serogroups exhibit a broad variety of biochemical characteristics and a different sensitivity to selective agents. No single chromogenic isolation medium has yet been developed that allows cultivation and differentiation of all STEC from food samples [8]. Nevertheless, obtaining a verified positive isolate is crucial to confirm the positive results of the PCR-based screening techniques. In addition, culturing makes it possible to type the isolate in order to establish possible contamination routes and reveal important virulence factors [9].
Currently, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) states that all samples in which a stx gene has been detected by PCR after enrichment should be further investigated by an isolation step on a selective agar medium. The use of Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide agar (TBX) for isolation of STEC is recommended. Since this medium lacks selectivity for STEC multiple presumptive positive colonies (up to 50) are routinely confirmed, and the choice of another medium is therefore allowed [10]. For this purpose a number of agar media has been developed; they can be either specific for isolation of E. coli O157, O26, or for all STEC in general. The growth capabilities and morphologies of many STEC serotypes on these selective media have not been thoroughly investigated, however.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth capacity and colony colours of a broad variety of STEC serotypes on several chromogenic media used for the isolation of E. coli O157 and other STEC, regardless of the O serogroup. The features of some non-STEC E. coli were also investigated on those media as a comparison [11].

2. Experimental Section

2.1. Strains

Table 1 lists the 45 E. coli strains used in this study. A total of 39 STEC belonging to the four most common and 12 less common non-O157 STEC serogroups were examined. Most strains were isolated from human patients by the Belgian national reference laboratory (Prof. Dr. Denis Piérard, UZ Brussels, Belgium); others originated from Belgian food samples. In addition, six non-STEC E. coli were included: two enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) and four commensal E. coli all isolated from cattle faeces. All strains were stored at −80 °C using Pro-Lab Microbank cryovials (Pro-Lab, Vaughan, ON, Canada) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Presence of stx1, stx2, eae and hlyA genes was analysed according to Botteldoorn et al. [12]. For the ter B gene presence the method described by Taylor et al. [13] was used. The strains were cultured onto Tryptone Soy Agar (TSA; Oxoid, Ltd., Basingstroke, UK) at 37 °C for 24 h. A single colony from these culture plates was transferred into Tryptone Soy Broth (TSB; Oxoid) and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h.
Table
Table 1. Overview of STEC, EPEC and commensal E. coli strains.
Table 1. Overview of STEC, EPEC and commensal E. coli strains.
StrainsSerotypesOriginVirulence Genes
Stx 1Stx 2EaeHly ATer B
MB 5323O5:H-human+−−+−
MB 5324O5:H-human+−++−
MB 5321O8:H-human−+−−−
MB 5322O8:H9human−+−−−
MB 5325O55:H12human+−−−−
MB 5312O55:H7human−++−−
MB 5342O63:H6human−+++−
MB 5313O63:H6human−++−−
MB 5334O84:H-human−+++−
MB 5333O84:H28human+−+++
MB 5336O91:H-human−+−+−
MB 5335O91:H21human−+−+−
MB 5339O113:H2human−++−−
MB 5338O113:H21human−+−−+
MB 5950O118:H16human+−+++
MB 5951O118:H16human+−+−+
MB 5337O121:H19human−++++
MB 5326O128:H-human++−+−
MB 5327O128:H-human−++−−
MB 5329O146:H28human−+−−+
MB 5328O146:H-human++−++
MB 5340O182:H34human+−+++
MB 5341O182:H25human+−+++
MB 5948O26:H11Swab *−++++
MB 5316O26:H11Milk *+−+++
MB 2658O26:H11human+−+++
MB 2775O26:H11human−++++
MB 5307O103:H2swab+−++−
MB 5308O103:H2milk+−++−
MB 2654O103:H2human+−++−
MB 2651O103:H2human+−++−
MB 5949O111:H2swab−++++
MB 5310O111:H8swab+++++
MB 2679O111:H-human+−+++
MB 2654O111:H-human+++++
MB 5305O145:H28swab+−+++
MB 5850O145:H28swab−++++
MB 2655O145:H-human+−+++
MB 2820O145:H-human+++++
MB 5952 cattle faeces−−+ +
MB 5953 cattle faeces−−+ +
MB 5956 cattle faeces−−− −
MB 5957 cattle faeces−−− −
MB 5958 cattle faeces−−− −
MB 5959 cattle faeces−−− −
* Swab: cattle carcass swab; milk: cow milk.

2.2. Selective Isolation Media

The following selective isolation media were evaluated. Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide agar (TBX; Bio-Rad, Marnes-la-Coquettes, France); Rainbow® Agar O157 (RBA; Biolog Inc., Hayward, CA, USA) without supplementations; Rapid E. coli O157:H7 (RE; Bio-Rad), supplemented with 10 mg/L novobiocin and 0.8 mg/L potassium tellurite; Modified MacConkey Agar (mMac) for the isolation of non-O157 STEC strains as described by Possé et al. [14]. Briefly, this medium contains MacConkey agar base (BD Biosciences, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA) supplemented with two sugars (sucrose and sorbose) and several selective components: 3.5 g/L bile salts No. 3 (Sigma Aldrich/Fluka, St-Louis, MO, USA), 0.05 g/L 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl β-D-galactopyranoside (X-gal, Glycosynth, Warrington, UK), 0.05 g/L isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG, Glycosynth), 8.0 mg/L novobiocin (Sigma) and 2.5 mg/L potassium tellurite (Sigma); CHROMagar STECTM supplemented with 10 mL/L selective mix (Chr ST; CHROMagar Microbiology, Paris, France) and the recently launched ChromID EHEC supplemented with 4 mL/L cefixime-tellurite mix (Chr ID; bioMérieux, Paris, France) were included.

2.3. Qualitative Study

After incubation 10 µL of each TSB strain culture was inoculated onto the six chromogenic agar media. All agar media were incubated at 37 °C for 24 h and visually examined for growth and colony morphology.

2.4. Quantitative Study

To determine the possible inhibition of growth of the STEC strains on the chromogenic agar media, all cultures grown in TSB were serially diluted in Peptone Water (Bio-Rad, Marnes-la-Coquettes, France) to a concentration of 104 cfu/mL. One millilitre of each dilution was manually spread plated on two agar plates (each 0.5 mL) of each of the six agar media and TSA medium as reference. In addition 100 µL of each dilution was inoculated on one agar plate of each of the seven agar media using a spiral plate machine (Eddy Jet Spiral Plater, IUL Instruments, Barcelona, Spain). The plates were incubated for 24 h at 37 °C and the colonies counted. In accordance with Gill et al. [15], the efficiency of recovery was calculated as the percentage of counted colonies on the different selective isolation media compared to the enumeration obtained on the non-selective TSA. The study was replicated three-fold; the mean recovery percentage and standard error were calculated.

3. Results and Discussion

The isolation of non-O157 STEC strains from food samples has proved challenging due to the lack of known differential biochemically characteristics and inherent sensitivities to additives. For this reason the discrimination from other E. coli and other non-target organisms remains problematic [8,14]. Before the interference of an extensive background microbiota can be evaluated, the growth capabilities of STEC strains themselves should be investigated. In this study the growth of STEC on six chromogenic agar media was evaluated using a range of STEC serotypes often isolated in Belgium. Furthermore, the growth and appearance of these STEC strains was compared to some common non-STEC E. coli. In the threefold replicated experiment some natural variation in counts was observed, but the colony colours of the different cultures of STEC strains, based upon the enzymatic cleaving of chromogenic substrates and carbohydrate fermentation, remained the same.

3.1. Tryptone Bile X-Glucuronide Agar (TBX)

Among the six evaluated chromogenic media, TBX is designed to detect all E. coli, including STEC. Therefore, all tested STEC and non-STEC E. coli strains were able to grow on TBX (Table 2) and demonstrated the typical blue-green colour indicating the presence of β-glucuronidase activity Figure 1a. Moreover, the recovery percentage of the STEC serogroups and other non-STEC E. coli compared to TSA was at least 78% and 93%, respectively (Table 3), with averages for both groups of 101% and 97%, respectively. This ISO/TS 13136:2012 recommended agar medium contains selective agents inhibiting the growth of Gram-positive organisms and swarming by Proteus sp. [16]. It remains a valuable isolation medium for STEC, despite the labour-intensity and time-consuming practice of isolating multiple presumptive positive colonies (up to 50), pooling and confirming as described in the ISO/TS, due to its low selectivity.
Table
Table 2. Growth and colony appearance of STEC and non-STEC E. coli strains on six chromogenic isolation media.
Table 2. Growth and colony appearance of STEC and non-STEC E. coli strains on six chromogenic isolation media.
StrainSerotypeTerBTBXRBAREmMacChr STChr ID
MB 5323O5:H-−blue-greengrey-greengreen− *−purple
MB 5324O5:H-+blue-greengrey-greengreengreenmauvepurple
MB 5321O8:H-−blue-greenredgreen−−purple
MB 5322O8:H9−blue-greenpurplegreen−−−
MB 5325O55:H12+blue-greenpurplegreengrey-greenmauveblue
MB 5312O55:H7−blue-greenredgreen−−purple
MB 5342O63:H6−blue-greenreddark blue−−purple
MB 5313O63:H6−blue-greenreddark blue−−purple
MB 5334O84:H-+blue-greencream-whiteyellowyellowmauvewhite
MB 5333O84:H28+blue-greenred-purplegreengreenmauvepurple
MB 5336O91:H-−blue-greenpurplegreen−−purple
MB 5335O91:H21−blue-greenpurplegreen−−purple
MB 5339O113:H2−blue-greenred-purplegreen−−purple
MB 5338O113:H21+blue-greenred-purplegreengrey-greenmauvepurple
MB 5950O118:H16+blue-greenpurplegreenredmauvepurple
MB 5951O118:H16+blue-greenpurplegreengrey-greenmauvepurple
MB 5337O121:H19+blue-greenredyellowredmauvered
MB 5326O128:H-−blue-greenred-purplegreen−−purple
MB 5327O128:H-−blue-greenred-purplegreen−−purple
MB 5329O146:H28+blue-greenpurplegreengreenmauvepurple
MB 5328O146:H-+blue-greenpurplegreengrey-greenmauvepurple
MB 5340O182:H34+blue-greenpurpledark bluegreenmauvepurple
MB 5341O182:H25+blue-greenpurpledark bluegreenmauvepurple
MB 5948O26:H11+blue-greenpurplegreenredmauvepurple
MB 5316O26:H11+blue-greenpurplegreenredmauvepurple
MB 2658O26:H11+blue-greenpurplegreenredmauvepurple
MB 2775O26:H11+blue-greenpurplegreenredmauvegreen
MB 5307O103:H2−blue-greenpurplegreenblue-greenmauvepurple
MB 5308O103:H2−blue-greenpurplegreenblue-greenmauvepurple
MB 2654O103:H2−blue-greenpurplegreen−−purple
MB 2651O103:H2−blue-greenpurplegreen−−purple
MB 5949O111:H2+blue-greengrey-greengreengrey-greenmauvepurple
MB 5310O111:H8+blue-greengrey-greengreengrey-greenmauvepurple
MB 2679O111:H-+blue-greengrey-greengreengrey-greenmauvepurple
MB 2654O111:H-+blue-greengrey-greengreengrey-greenmauvepurple
MB 5305O145:H28+blue-greenpurplegreengreenmauvepurple
MB 5850O145:H28+blue-greenpurplegreengreenmauvepurple
MB 2655O145:H-+blue-greenpurplegreengreenmauvepurple
MB 2820O145:H-+blue-greenpurplegreengreenmauvepurple
MB 5952 +blue-greenpurplegreengreenmauvepurple
MB 5953 +blue-greenpurplegreengreenmauvegreen
MB 5956 −blue-greenpurple−−−red
MB 5957 −blue-greenpurple−−−purple
MB 5958 −blue-greenpurple−−−purple
MB 5959 −blue-greenpurplegreen−−purple
TBX: Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide agar, RBA: Rainbow® Agar O157, RE: Rapid E. coli O157:H7, mMac: Modified MacConkey Agar as described by Possé et al. [14], Chr ST: CHROMagar STECTM, Chr ID: Chrom ID EHEC, −: no growth.
Ijerph 12 06965 g001 1024
Figure 1. Macroscopic view of (a) Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide agar (TBX), (b) chromID EHEC agar (Chr ID), (c) Rapid E. coli O157:H7 agar (RE) and (d) CHROMagar STEC (Chr ST), inoculated with MB 5316 (a), MB 5948 (b), MB 5322 (c) and MB 5341 (d).
Figure 1. Macroscopic view of (a) Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide agar (TBX), (b) chromID EHEC agar (Chr ID), (c) Rapid E. coli O157:H7 agar (RE) and (d) CHROMagar STEC (Chr ST), inoculated with MB 5316 (a), MB 5948 (b), MB 5322 (c) and MB 5341 (d).
Ijerph 12 06965 g001
Table
Table 3. The mean recovery percentages of the STEC and non-STEC strains ± standard error on the six chromogenic isolation media compared with the growth on TSA medium (the average concentration of the inocula based on the logarithmic counts on Tryptone Soy Agar (TSA): 4.13 ± 0.12 log10 cfu/mL). TBX: Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide agar, RB: Rainbow® Agar O157, RE: Rapid E. coli O157:H7, mMac: Modified MacConkey Agar as described by Possé et al. [14], Chr ST: CHROMagar STEC, Chr ID: ChromID EHEC.
Table 3. The mean recovery percentages of the STEC and non-STEC strains ± standard error on the six chromogenic isolation media compared with the growth on TSA medium (the average concentration of the inocula based on the logarithmic counts on Tryptone Soy Agar (TSA): 4.13 ± 0.12 log10 cfu/mL). TBX: Tryptone Bile X-glucuronide agar, RB: Rainbow® Agar O157, RE: Rapid E. coli O157:H7, mMac: Modified MacConkey Agar as described by Possé et al. [14], Chr ST: CHROMagar STEC, Chr ID: ChromID EHEC.
StrainSerotypeTerBTBXRBREmMacChr STChr ID
MB 5323O5:H-−116 ± 15114 ± 10− *−−<1
MB 5324O5:H-+91 ± 10104 ± 9−60 ± 960 ± 1885 ± 26
MB 5321O8:H-−94 ± 495 ± 10−−−41 ± 13
MB 5322O8:H9−97 ± 8109 ± 152 ± 1−−−
MB 5325O55:H12+84 ± 8119 ± 15−51 ± 1834 ± 742 ± 18
MB 5312O55:H7−110 ± 16114 ± 11−−−30 ± 4
MB 5342O63:H6−90 ± 1868 ± 10−−−33 ± 10
MB 5313O63:H6−92 ± 890 ± 18−−−78 ± 25
MB 5334O84:H-+107 ± 1189 ± 15−101 ± 21108 ± 14107 ± 36
MB 5333O84:H28+96 ± 6106 ± 9−86 ± 3364 ± 768 ± 21
MB 5336O91:H-−82 ± 15108 ± 2−−−<1
MB 5335O91:H21−95 ± 3299 ± 9−−−34 ± 7
MB 5339O113:H2−115 ± 12108 ± 430 ± 8−−26 ± 7
MB 5338O113:H21+78 ± 23108 ± 5−29 ± 851 ± 1238 ± 10
MB 5950O118:H16+95 ± 5101 ± 20−36 ± 657 ± 1032 ± 7
MB 5951O118:H16+104 ± 18116 ± 5−47 ± 14101 ± 1554 ± 8
MB 5337O121:H19+96 ± 193 ± 5−142 ± 49122 ± 1272 ± 9
MB 5326O128:H-−88 ± 1236 ± 9−−−26 ± 6
MB 5327O128:H-−84 ± 3181 ± 11−−−<1
MB 5329O146:H28+94 ± 1593 ± 10−6 ± 633 ± 933 ± 9
MB 5328O146:H-+125 ± 2094 ± 7−26 ± 16 ± 126 ± 4
MB 5340O182:H34+110 ± 1288 ± 4−44 ± 233 ± 485 ± 19
MB 5341O182:H25+100 ± 3116 ± 12−33 ± 830 ± 1018 ± 3
MB 5948O26:H11+83 ± 15107 ± 2−<160 ± 19<1
MB 5316O26:H11+89 ± 2088 ± 6−100 ± 2482 ± 1615 ± 5
MB 2658O26:H11+99 ± 696 ± 17−<148 ± 166 ± 0
MB 2775O26:H11+116 ± 688 ± 112 ± 12 ± 035 ± 629 ± 2
MB 5307O103:H2−113 ± 9106 ± 7−−−73 ± 12
MB 5308O103:H2−109 ± 7112 ± 5−−−63 ± 7
MB 2654O103:H2−119 ± 17105 ± 11−−−98 ± 5
MB 2651O103:H2−93 ± 0110 ± 2−−−79 ± 13
MB 5949O111:H2+114 ± 8113 ± 1−29 ± 924 ± 450 ± 6
MB 5310O111:H8+110 ± 1498 ± 5−23 ± 347 ± 749 ± 15
MB 2679O111:H-+122 ± 8113 ± 5−43 ± 659 ± 1544 ± 15
MB 2654O111:H-+100 ± 2100 ± 14−39 ± 1165 ± 771 ± 4
MB 5305O145:H28+120 ± 17121 ± 16−49 ± 1340 ± 1026 ± 7
MB 5850O145:H28+96 ± 1087 ± 10−42 ± 1072 ± 224 ± 1
MB 2655O145:H-+112 ± 1396 ± 15−67 ± 1323 ± 525 ± 6
MB 2820O145:H-+100 ± 8102 ± 23−51 ± 724 ± 54 ± 0
MB 5952 +96 ± 13111 ± 97 ± 356 ± 1160 ± 1872 ± 21
MB 5953 +116 ± 12110 ± 2117 ± 929 ± 2166 ± 1150 ± 10
MB 5956 −96 ± 13102 ± 19−−−11 ± 9
MB 5957 −116 ± 12118 ± 36−−−15 ± 14
MB 5958 −98 ± 19118 ± 21−−−4 ± 2
MB 5959 −93 ± 1372 ± 172 ± 1−−1 ± 1
* −: no growth (<1 cfu/mL).

3.2. Rainbow® Agar O157(RBA)

In accordance with TBX, RBA was able to support the growth of all tested STEC and non-STEC E. coli strains, and the average recovery percentage of the STEC serogroups and other non-STEC E. coli was similar this for TSA (approximately 100%). The colony colours of the different strains on RB ranged from purple–red–pink-grey-green-to cream-white Figure 2. Remarkably, the colonies of strains belonging to the same O-serogroup were not always consistent in color. Non-STEC E. coli strains could not be differentiated from STEC strains based on colony colours.
Ijerph 12 06965 g002 1024
Figure 2. Macroscopic view of Rainbow O157 agar inoculated with STEC strains, (a) purple colonies (MB 5322), (b) red colonies (MB 5313), (c) grey-green colonies (MB 5324) and (d) cream-white colonies (MB 5334).
Figure 2. Macroscopic view of Rainbow O157 agar inoculated with STEC strains, (a) purple colonies (MB 5322), (b) red colonies (MB 5313), (c) grey-green colonies (MB 5324) and (d) cream-white colonies (MB 5334).
Ijerph 12 06965 g002
Modifications to this RBA base have been described to support growth of STEC while allowing more selectivity towards non-target organisms. Supplementation of the medium with 0.8 mg/L potassium tellurite and 10 mg/L sodium novobiocin is recommended by the manufacturer for samples with high microbiological background, whereas 0.05 mg/L cefixime, 0.15 mg/L potassium tellurite, and 5 mg/L novobiocin is recommended by the USDA STEC [17]. However, multiple studies demonstrated that both supplementations were unable to support the growth of a substantial proportion of STEC strains tested [9,15,18]. Further, Kase et al. [9] showed that the addition of washed sheep’s blood to RBA substantially reduced these inhibitions. However, in the present study only the Rainbow agar base without any supplementations was evaluated. The observed broad variety of colony colours and the inability to distinguish between STEC and non-STEC E. coli was considered problematic to select colonies for confirmation testing.

3.3. Rapid E. coli O157:H7 (RE)

In the qualitative study RE supported the growth of all tested STEC strains and half of the non-STEC E. coli strains. All colonies showed a green morphology (Figure 1c), except for two STEC serogroups (O63, O182), which presented a characteristic dark blue colour typical for E. coli O157:H7. When RE was inoculated with lower concentrated inocula only three STEC and three non-STEC E. coli strains were able to form colonies, with a very low average recovery percentage of 11% and 9%, respectively. In general, RE showed a significant selectivity towards STEC in both colony morphology and growth inhibition, making this agar medium unsuitable for isolation of non-O157 STEC strains.

3.4. CHROMagarTM STEC (Chr ST)

In the present study only 24 STEC strains (61%) were able to develop colonies after inoculation at the low dose on Chr ST. The STEC and non-STEC E. coli strains that were able to grow presented colonies in many shades of mauve and often displayed different edges (Figure 1d). Moreover, the average recovery percentage was 53% and 63% compared to TSA, respectively. This high inhibition has already been observed in multiple studies carried out since the launch of Chr ST [9,15,19,20,21]. Both Hirvonen et al. [19] and Tzschoppe et al. [20] remarked on strong association between the growth on Chr ST and the presence of terD and terB of the Ter gene cluster, respectively. This gene complex contains four essential genes (TerB, TerC, TerD and TerE) conferring the resistance to strong oxidizing agent tellurite. These tellurite-resistant bacteria reduce tellurite to its less toxic form, which accumulates as black pigment inside the cell [22,23,24]. In the present study TerB was selected as marker for the Ter gene cluster. Twenty-four of the tested STEC strains were terB-positive and all were able to grow on Chr ST. Furthermore, all non-STEC E. coli strains failed to develop colonies, except the two terB-positive EPEC strains. This finding confirms the strong association between the growth on Chr ST and the presence of terB. Moreover, it was observed that only a small proportion of the eae-negative STEC strains were able to grow [9,15,19,20]. In the present study 10 eae-negative strains were included; only four grew on Chr ST.

3.5. Modified MacConkey Agar (mMac)

mMac was originally designed to differentiate between the four most common non-O157 STEC serogroups (O26, O103, O111, O145), using the colony colours dependent on the β-D-galactosidase activity and carbohydrate fermentation of these four serogroups (Figure 3). While the tested STEC strains belonging to this serogroup presented the predicted colony colours, the growth of two O103 strains was not supported. Most of the other serogroups showed similar colours, while some exhibited atypical colours (yellow). In accordance with RBA, the colonies of strains of the same O-serogroup were not always consistent in colour. Moreover, the color differences found in our study were often subtle and hard to discriminate. Still, Verstraete et al. [25] indicated its effectiveness as isolation medium for non-O157 STEC in food during the validation by an international ring trial. Nevertheless, the same STEC and non-STEC E. coli strains that failed to develop colonies on Chr ST also failed on mMac. The STEC that were able to grow showed an average recovery percentage of 50% compared to TSA. On the other hand, all non-STEC E. coli strains failed to develop colonies, except the two EPEC strains whose morphology was similar to the O145 STEC strains. Similar to Chr ST, a correlation between the growth on mMac and the presence of terB was observed.
Ijerph 12 06965 g003 1024
Figure 3. Stereo-microscopic view (a–d) of modified MacConkey agar as described by Possé et al. [14], inoculated with STEC strains. ((a) STEC O145 (MB 5850), (b) STEC O26 (MB 5316), (c) STEC O103 (MB 5307) and (d) STEC O111 (MB 2679)).
Figure 3. Stereo-microscopic view (a–d) of modified MacConkey agar as described by Possé et al. [14], inoculated with STEC strains. ((a) STEC O145 (MB 5850), (b) STEC O26 (MB 5316), (c) STEC O103 (MB 5307) and (d) STEC O111 (MB 2679)).
Ijerph 12 06965 g003

3.6. ChromID EHEC (Chr ID)

The novel isolation agar chromID EHEC supported the growth of all tested STEC and non-STEC E. coli strains, except for one STEC (O8:H9) and one non-STEC E. coli strain. However, the strains able to develop colonies showed significant reduced recovery percentages compared to TSA: 41% and 26%, respectively. The appearance on Chr ID did not distinguish STEC from non-STEC E. coli colonies-they were all purple (Figure 1b), with a few exceptions. Despite the supplementation of an unspecified cefixime-tellurite mix to Chr ID, no correlation could be observed between the presence of terB and the growth on this medium.

4. Conclusions

The observed strong inhibition of Rapid E. coli O157:H7 towards STEC strains other than O157 makes the agar medium unsuitable for STEC isolation. Due to the high level of selectivity observed for Chr ST and mMac, most non-target organisms were sufficiently inhibited on these agars, which may facilitate the isolation of the major part of the tested STEC strains. Still, the isolation is limited to those strains that show resistance to the selective ingredients supplemented (e.g., tellurite, cefixime) to the chromogenic media. On the other hand, the biochemical characteristics (i.e., fermentative profile) of the different STEC strains are too diverse to use chromogenic media without supplementations. Therefore, the sole use of one of these two agars for the isolation of STEC from food might result in false negative. Paired use of two tested agar media might therefore be a useful option. The practical experience in this study with the more selective but easier to read Chr ST, in combination with a less selective agar like Chr ID or TBX, which allows the growth of all STEC strains, might be the best solution at present. However, in this study the observed colony colours and growth using pure cultures could only indicate the suitability of the media to support growth of the different STEC serotypes. In the presence of background micro-organisms or other STEC serotypes, adjacent colonies could influence the colony colour and growth of the target organisms [8]. In future research the isolation capabilities of combining two agars will be investigated using more complex food environment.

Acknowledgments

The authors sincerely thank C. Van Lancker, M. Boonaert and S. Vangeenberghe for their technical assistance, and Denis Piérard and Klara De Rauw of the UZ-VUB Brussels for supplying STEC strains. We thank Miriam Levenson for the English-language editing of this manuscript. The research that yielded these results was funded by the Belgian Federal Public Service of Health, Food Chain Safety and Environment through the contract RT 12/12 IDESTEC 2.

Author Contributions

Koen De Reu, Marc Heyndrickx and Lieven De Zutter conceived and designed the experiments; Bavo Verhaegen performed the experiments, analysed the data and wrote the paper.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Verhaegen, B.; De Reu, K.; Heyndrickx, M.; De Zutter, L. Comparison of Six Chromogenic Agar Media for the Isolation of a Broad Variety of Non-O157 Shigatoxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Serogroups. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 6965-6978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606965

AMA Style

Verhaegen B, De Reu K, Heyndrickx M, De Zutter L. Comparison of Six Chromogenic Agar Media for the Isolation of a Broad Variety of Non-O157 Shigatoxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Serogroups. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(6):6965-6978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606965

Chicago/Turabian Style

Verhaegen, Bavo, Koen De Reu, Marc Heyndrickx, and Lieven De Zutter. 2015. "Comparison of Six Chromogenic Agar Media for the Isolation of a Broad Variety of Non-O157 Shigatoxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Serogroups" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 6: 6965-6978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606965

APA Style

Verhaegen, B., De Reu, K., Heyndrickx, M., & De Zutter, L. (2015). Comparison of Six Chromogenic Agar Media for the Isolation of a Broad Variety of Non-O157 Shigatoxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) Serogroups. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(6), 6965-6978. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120606965

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