Accessible Transportation, Geographic Elevation, and Masticatory Ability Among Elderly Residents of a Rural Area
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Masticatory Ability
2.3. Elevation
2.4. Other Measures
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Low Elevation (n = 136) | High Elevation (n = 135) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Participants | % or Mean (SD) | Number of Participants | % or Mean (SD) | p-Value | |
Number of gummy jelly pieces | 136 | 20.0 (17.5) | 135 | 17.8 (14.0) | 0.242 |
Driver, % | 106 | 77.9 | 108 | 80.0 | 0.678 |
Age, years (SD) | 136 | 66.5 (6.8) | 135 | 65.3 (7.8) | 0.180 |
Gender (male), % | 62 | 45.6 | 53 | 39.3 | 0.292 |
Current smoking, % | 16 | 11.8 | 13 | 9.6 | 0.570 |
Drinking alcohol, % | 75 | 55.1 | 73 | 54.1 | 0.859 |
Regular physical activity, % | 52 | 38.2 | 49 | 36.3 | 0.741 |
Medication | |||||
To reduce blood pressure, % | 50 | 36.8 | 47 | 34.8 | 0.738 |
To reduce blood sugar or insulin injections, % | 11 | 8.1 | 5 | 3.7 | 0.126 |
To reduce cholesterol level, % | 35 | 25.7 | 28 | 20.7 | 0.330 |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 136 | 22.6 (2.9) | 135 | 22.4 (3.1) | 0.524 |
Use of dental health checks, % | 74 | 54.4 | 78 | 57.8 | 0.577 |
Number of teeth (20 or more), % | 54 | 39.7 | 49 | 36.3 | 0.563 |
Feeling stress or having acute disease, % | 15 | 11.0 | 18 | 13.3 | 0.562 |
Dentures, % | 67 | 49.3 | 58 | 43.0 | 0.298 |
Having any oral health problems, % | 62 | 45.6 | 69 | 51.1 | 0.363 |
Low Elevation (n = 202) | High Elevation (n = 199) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Participants | % or Mean (SD) | Number of Participants | % or Mean (SD) | p-Value | |
Number of gummy jelly pieces | 202 | 19.4 (14.5) | 199 | 22.1 (18.9) | 0.119 |
Driver, % | 158 | 78.2 | 159 | 79.9 | 0.679 |
Age, years (SD) | 202 | 65.3 (8.1) | 199 | 65.4 (8.1) | 0.892 |
Gender (male), % | 80 | 39.6 | 83 | 41.7 | 0.668 |
Current smoking, % | 25 | 12.4 | 33 | 16.6 | 0.231 |
Drinking alcohol, % | 102 | 50.5 | 111 | 55.8 | 0.289 |
Regular physical activity, % | 56 | 27.7 | 48 | 24.1 | 0.411 |
Medication | |||||
To reduce blood pressure, % | 81 | 40.1 | 54 | 27.1 | 0.006 |
To reduce blood sugar or insulin injections, % | 13 | 6.4 | 9 | 4.5 | 0.400 |
To reduce cholesterol level, % | 41 | 20.3 | 39 | 19.6 | 0.861 |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 202 | 22.7 (3.2) | 199 | 23.1 (3.3) | 0.273 |
Use of dental health checks, % | 112 | 55.4 | 108 | 54.3 | 0.813 |
Number of teeth (20 or more), % | 71 | 35.1 | 73 | 36.7 | 0.749 |
Feeling stress or having acute disease, % | 30 | 14.9 | 31 | 15.6 | 0.840 |
Dentures, % | 85 | 42.1 | 94 | 47.2 | 0.299 |
Having any oral health problems, % | 115 | 56.9 | 114 | 57.3 | 0.943 |
Low Elevation (n = 136) | High Elevation (n = 135) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | t | p-Value | B | SE | t | p-Value | |
Age (years) | 0.083 | 0.211 | 0.395 | 0.693 | −0.219 | 0.150 | −1.462 | 0.146 |
Gender (male vs. female) | −1.639 | 2.882 | −0.569 | 0.571 | −4.370 | 2.078 | −2.103 | 0.038 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | −0.303 | 0.431 | −0.704 | 0.483 | −0.425 | 0.309 | −1.376 | 0.171 |
Current smoking (No vs. Yes) | −5.808 | 3.905 | −1.488 | 0.139 | −6.690 | 3.421 | −1.956 | 0.053 |
Drinking alcohol (No vs. Yes) | 1.991 | 2.497 | 0.797 | 0.427 | −1.787 | 2.023 | −0.884 | 0.379 |
Regular physical activity (No vs. Yes) | 2.268 | 2.389 | 0.949 | 0.344 | 1.915 | 1.959 | 0.978 | 0.330 |
Medication (No vs. Yes) | ||||||||
To reduce blood pressure | 2.125 | 2.734 | 0.777 | 0.439 | −1.364 | 2.446 | −0.558 | 0.578 |
To reduce blood sugar or insulin injection | 0.933 | 4.550 | 0.205 | 0.838 | −5.772 | 4.999 | −1.155 | 0.251 |
To reduce cholesterol level | −1.486 | 2.900 | −0.513 | 0.609 | −1.892 | 2.453 | −0.771 | 0.442 |
Use of dental health checks (No vs. Yes) | 4.886 | 2.328 | 2.099 | 0.038 | 2.365 | 2.033 | 1.164 | 0.247 |
Number of teeth (less than 19 vs. 20 or more) | 12.724 | 3.486 | 3.650 | <0.001 | 10.458 | 2.610 | 4.006 | <0.001 |
Feeling stress or having acute disease (No vs. Yes) | −2.558 | 3.721 | −0.688 | 0.493 | 0.385 | 2.834 | 0.136 | 0.892 |
Dentures (No vs. Yes) | −12.818 | 3.562 | −3.599 | <0.001 | −6.181 | 2.590 | −2.387 | 0.019 |
Having any oral health problems (No vs. Yes) | −3.427 | 2.424 | −1.414 | 0.160 | 0.958 | 1.872 | 0.512 | 0.610 |
Driver (No vs. Yes) | 3.588 | 3.148 | 1.140 | 0.257 | 5.518 | 2.542 | 2.171 | 0.032 |
Low Elevation (n = 202) | High Elevation (n = 199) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | t | p-Value | B | SE | t | p-Value | |
Age (year) | −0.101 | 0.109 | −0.925 | 0.356 | −0.216 | 0.156 | −1.382 | 0.196 |
Gender (male vs. female) | −5.036 | 1.867 | −2.698 | 0.008 | −2.565 | 2.764 | −0.928 | 0.355 |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | −0.466 | 0.250 | −1.860 | 0.064 | −0.013 | 0.351 | −0.036 | 0.971 |
Current smoking (No vs. Yes) | −6.495 | 2.624 | −2.475 | 0.014 | 5.305 | 3.403 | 1.559 | 0.121 |
Drinking alcohol (No vs. Yes) | 0.013 | 1.751 | 0.007 | 0.994 | −2.514 | 2.567 | −0.979 | 0.329 |
Regular physical activity (No vs. Yes) | 2.131 | 1.796 | 1.186 | 0.237 | −0.622 | 2.619 | −0.237 | 0.813 |
Medication (No vs. Yes) | ||||||||
To reduce blood pressure | −0.749 | 1.742 | −0.430 | 0.668 | −2.250 | 2.819 | −0.798 | 0.426 |
To reduce blood sugar or insulin injection | −4.166 | 3.258 | −1.279 | 0.203 | 0.139 | 5.591 | 0.025 | 0.980 |
To reduce cholesterol level | −2.209 | 2.103 | −1.050 | 0.295 | 1.656 | 2.979 | 0.556 | 0.579 |
Use of dental health checks (No vs. Yes) | −0.844 | 1.599 | −0.527 | 0.599 | 5.046 | 2.300 | 2.194 | 0.030 |
Number of teeth (less than 19 vs. 20 or more) | 15.805 | 2.641 | 5.984 | <0.001 | 17.165 | 3.012 | 5.699 | <0.001 |
Feeling stress or having acute disease (No vs. Yes) | −0.405 | 2.253 | −0.180 | 0.858 | −2.880 | 3.165 | −0.910 | 0.364 |
Dentures (No vs. Yes) | −2.566 | 2.562 | −1.002 | 0.318 | −5.930 | 3.012 | −1.969 | 0.050 |
Having any oral health problems (No vs. Yes) | −0.819 | 1.602 | −0.511 | 0.610 | −0.647 | 2.292 | −0.282 | 0.778 |
Driver (No vs. Yes) | 4.040 | 2.072 | 1.950 | 0.053 | 5.909 | 2.906 | 2.034 | 0.043 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hamano, T.; Tominaga, K.; Takeda, M.; Sundquist, K.; Nabika, T. Accessible Transportation, Geographic Elevation, and Masticatory Ability Among Elderly Residents of a Rural Area. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 7199-7207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707199
Hamano T, Tominaga K, Takeda M, Sundquist K, Nabika T. Accessible Transportation, Geographic Elevation, and Masticatory Ability Among Elderly Residents of a Rural Area. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(7):7199-7207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707199
Chicago/Turabian StyleHamano, Tsuyoshi, Kazumichi Tominaga, Miwako Takeda, Kristina Sundquist, and Toru Nabika. 2015. "Accessible Transportation, Geographic Elevation, and Masticatory Ability Among Elderly Residents of a Rural Area" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 7: 7199-7207. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707199