Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Grown in a Controlled Environment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Metal Extraction and Analysis
2.3. Quality Control
Element | Acetylene (L/min) | Air (L/min) | Wave Length (nm) | Slit Width (nm) | Lamp Current (Ma) | Detection Limit (µg/L) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calcium | 2.0 | 17.0 | 422.7 | 0.7 | 10.0 | 1.5 |
Cadmium | 2.0 | 17.0 | 228.8 | 0.7 | 4.0 | 0.8 |
Iron | 2.3 | 17.0 | 288.3 | 0.2 | 30.0 | 5.0 |
Potassium | 2.0 | 17.0 | 766.5 | 0.7 | 12.0 | 3.0 |
Magnesium | 2.0 | 17.0 | 285.2 | 0.7 | 6.0 | 0.2 |
Manganese | 2.0 | 17.0 | 279.5 | 0.2 | 20.0 | 1.5 |
Sodium | 2.0 | 17.0 | 589.0 | 0.2 | 8.0 | 0.3 |
Lead | 2.0 | 17.0 | 283.3 | 0.7 | 30.0 | 5.0 |
Zinc | 2.0 | 17.0 | 213.9 | 0.7 | 15.0 | 1.5 |
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Effects of Heavy Metals on Plant Biomass
Treatment | Shoot Fresh Weight | Root Fresh Weight | Shoot Dry Weight | Root Dry Weight | Shoot Length | Root Length |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cd 1 | 7.0 ± 0.10 | 23.5 ± 0.20 | 2.5 ± 0.08 | 21.1 ± 0.19 | 8.2 ± 0.10 | 15.9 ± 0.10 |
Cd 2 | 18.6 ± 0.11 | 27.1 ± 0.30 | 6.3 ± 0.09 | 28.1 ± 0.20 | 13.1 ± 0.30 | 17.7 ± 0.2 |
Cd 3 | 25.3 ± 0.09 | 42.4 ± 0.33 | 10.1 ± 0.10 | 35.1 ± 0.30 | 18.0 ± 0.30 | 19.7 ± 0.22 |
Pb 1 | 5.4 ± 0.12 | 20.0 ± 0.12 | 1.90 ± 0.09 | 9.0 ± 0.17 | 6.6 ± 0.21 | 10.8 ± 0.20 |
Pb 2 | 18.3 ± 0.20 | 21.2 ± 0.21 | 5.9 ± 0.06 | 14.0 ± 0.25 | 11.5 ± 0.10 | 13.3 ± 0.23 |
Pb 3 | 24.7 ± 0.31 | 47.1 ± 0.30 | 7.6 ± 0.10 | 28.1 ± 0.40 | 13.0 ± 0.20 | 15.8 ± 0.30 |
Zn 1 | 3.0 ± 0.01 | 18.9 ± 0.22 | 1.8 ± 0.08 | 8.1 ± 0.20 | 4.6 ± 0.19 | 6.0 ± 0.01 |
Zn 2 | 17.7 ± 0.13 | 20.5 ± 0.25 | 3.8 ± 0.10 | 10.1 ± 0.21 | 4.9 ± 0.30 | 8.8 ± 0.01 |
Zn 3 | 23.0 ± 0.38 | 43.5 ± 0.28 | 5.7 ± 0.10 | 14.4 ± 0.12 | 3.0 ± 0.10 | 12.7 ± 0.11 |
Cd 1/Pb 1 | 10.5 ± 0.19 | 30.9 ± 0.20 | 3.5 ± 0.09 | 28.1 ± 0.30 | 10.1 ± 0.10 | 17.1 ± 0.20 |
Cd 2/Pb 2 | 27.4 ± 0.20 | 32.5 ± 0.25 | 12.1 ± 0.14 | 35.1 ± 0.32 | 14.3 ± 0.20 | 20.9 ± 0.23 |
Cd 3/Pb 3 | 30.1 ± 0.29 | 78.8 ± 0.27 | 13.9 ± 0.13 | 42.1 ± 0.23 | 20.9 ± 0.30 | 22.0 ± 0.23 |
Cd 1/Zn 1 | 6.8 ± 0.12 | 25.9 ± 0.33 | 3.0 ± 0.10 | 25.1 ± 0.11 | 6.4 ± 0.29 | 16.1 ± 0.12 |
Cd 2/Zn 2 | 19.2 ± 0.22 | 29.4 ± 0.40 | 10.6 ± 0.14 | 32.1 ± 0.12 | 8.0 ± 0.10 | 18.6 ± 0.23 |
Cd 3/Zn 3 | 28.7 ± 0.38 | 58.8 ± 0.38 | 12.2 ± 0.20 | 43.2 ± 0.30 | 18.0 ± 0.10 | 20.0 ± 0.33 |
Zn 1/Pb 1 | 6.5 ± 0.12 | 23.5 ± 0.22 | 2.5 ± 0.08 | 15.1 ± 0.15 | 2.0 ± 0.09 | 11.5 ± 0.10 |
Zn 2/Pb 2 | 20.4 ± 0.23 | 27.1 ± 0.35 | 9.7 ± 0.09 | 17.1 ± 0.23 | 6.2 ± 0.11 | 14.6 ± 0.21 |
Zn 3/Pb 3 | 26.5 ± 0.30 | 54.7 ± 0.44 | 11.4 ± 0.10 | 32.1 ± 0.33 | 14.1 ± 0.20 | 16.2 ± 0.23 |
3.2. Impact of Heavy Metals on Plant Length
3.3. Effects of Heavy Metals on Total Protein, Fiber Characteristic and Moisture Content
3.4. Effects of Heavy Metals on Nutrient Uptake
3.5. Up take of Heavy Metals
Heavy Metal Uptake | Heavy Metal Treatment | Medium | Coefficient of Determination |
---|---|---|---|
Cadmium (Cd) | Cd | Soil to root | 0.8037 |
Root to shoot | 0.9999 | ||
Cd/Pb | Soil to root | 0.9671 | |
Root to shoot | 1.0000 | ||
Cd/Zn | Soil to root | 0.9976 | |
Root to shoot | 0.9995 | ||
Lead (Pb) | Pb | Soil to root | 0.9001 |
Root to shoot | 0.9991 | ||
Pb/Cd | Soil to root | 0.8150 | |
Root to shoot | 0.9075 | ||
Pb/Zn | Soil to root | 0.9450 | |
Root to shoot | 0.9830 | ||
Zinc (Zn) | Zn | Soil to root | 0.7076 |
Root to shoot | 1.0000 | ||
Zn/Cd | Soil to root | 0.8283 | |
Root to shoot | 0.9995 | ||
Zn/Pb | Soil to root | 0.9340 | |
Root to shoot | 0.9994 |
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Alia, N.; Sardar, K.; Said, M.; Salma, K.; Sadia, A.; Sadaf, S.; Toqeer, A.; Miklas, S. Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Grown in a Controlled Environment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 7400-7416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707400
Alia N, Sardar K, Said M, Salma K, Sadia A, Sadaf S, Toqeer A, Miklas S. Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Grown in a Controlled Environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(7):7400-7416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707400
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlia, Naz, Khan Sardar, Muhammad Said, Khalid Salma, Alam Sadia, Siddique Sadaf, Ahmed Toqeer, and Scholz Miklas. 2015. "Toxicity and Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Grown in a Controlled Environment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 7: 7400-7416. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120707400