Smoking Prevalence and Associated Factors as well as Attitudes and Perceptions towards Tobacco Control in Northeast China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
Male (n = 10,337) % (95% CI)[n] | Female (n = 11,098) % (95% CI)[n] | Total (n = 21,435) % (95% CI)[n] | |
---|---|---|---|
Smoking status | |||
Ever | 64.8 (63.6–65.9)[6779] | 11.7 (11.1–12.4)[1664] | 39.1 (38.3–39.9)[8443] |
Current | 52.9 (51.8–54.1)[5413] | 9.4 (8.8–10.0)[1310] | 31.8 (31.1–32.6)[6723] |
Former | 11.8 (11.2–12.5)[1366] | 2.4 (2.1–2.7)[354] | 7.3 (6.9–7.7)[1720] |
ETS exposure frequency | |||
Everyday | 17.9 (16.6–19.3)[816] | 26.0 (24.9–27.1)[2560] | 23.1 (22.3–24.0)[3376] |
≥3 d/week | 17.7 (16.4–19.1)[813] | 13.9 (13.1–14.8)[1346] | 15.3 (14.6–16.0)[2159] |
1–3 d/week | 25.5 (24.1–27.0)[1235] | 20.3 (19.3–21.4)[1804] | 22.2 (21.3–23.0)[3039] |
Sources of ETS exposure | |||
Home | 16.4 (15.2–17.7)[803] | 42.9 (41.6–44.1)[4202] | 33.4 (32.5–34.4)[5005] |
Workplace | 33.3 (31.8–35.0)[1496] | 15.2 (14.3–16.2)[1305] | 21.7 (20.8–22.5)[2801] |
Restaurant | 9.1 (8.2–10.1)[421] | 5.1 (4.5–5.7)[417] | 6.5 (6.0–7.1)[838] |
Entertainment places | 15.6 (14.4–16.8)[746] | 8.6 (7.9–9.3)[760] | 11.1 (10.4–11.7)[1506] |
Other | 3.6 (3.1–4.3)[176] | 2.1 (1.8–2.5)[205] | 2.7 (2.4–3.0)[381] |
Characteristics | Male % (95% CI)[n] | Female % (95% CI)[n] | Total % (95% CI)[n] |
---|---|---|---|
Areas | |||
Urban | 52.8 (51.3–54.4)[2910] | 6.6 (5.9–7.4)[411] | 30.7 (29.7–31.8)[3321] |
Rural | 53.0 (51.3–54.7)[2503] | 12.7 (11.7–13.7)[899] | 33.2 (32.1–34.4)[3402] |
Ethnic | |||
Han | 52.8 (51.6–54.0)[4996] | 9.6 (9.0–10.3)[1245] | 32.0 (31.2–32.8)[6241] |
Mancu | 52.3 (47.0–57.6)[272] | 7.4 (5.6–9.8)[55] | 29.5 (26.4–32.8)[327] |
Mongolian | 52.2 (34.9–69.0)[21] | 3.3 (1.0–10.5)[3] | 23.2 (14.4–35.1)[24] |
Korean | 64.5 (55.6–72.5)[90] | 0.8 (0.1–5.3)[1] | 35.7 (29.9–42.0)[91] |
Hui | 45.7 (32.1–60.0)[31] | 7.3 (2.7–18.2)[6] | 26.2 (18.3–35.8)[37] |
Other | 59.0 (15.2–92.0)[2] | — | 28.7 (7.5–66.7)[3] |
Age | |||
18–19 | 41.6 (32.6–51.1)[63] | 3.6 (1.0–11.7)[3] | 23.7 (18.2–30.2)[66] |
20–29 | 56.8 (53.7–59.9)[776] | 4.7 (3.3–6.7)[38] | 32.5 (30.3–34.7)[814] |
30–39 | 53.9 (51.3–56.5)[1009] | 5.7 (4.7–7.0)[108] | 31.8 (30.1–33.6)[1117] |
40–49 | 57.7 (55.7–59.7)[1553] | 9.2 (8.2–10.2)[341] | 33.1 (31.8–34.4)[1894] |
50–59 | 53.2 (51.1–55.4)[1272] | 13.9 (12.6–15.2)[434] | 34.3 (32.9–35.7)[1706] |
60–69 | 43.1 (39.5–46.8)[596] | 16.1 (14.4–18.0)[313] | 29.1 (26.9–31.5)[909] |
70–79 | 29.4 (25.2–33.9)[144] | 16.6 (12.5–21.8)[73] | 23.1 (20.1–26.4)[217] |
Education | |||
Primary school and below | 54.4 (52.0–56.9)[1180] | 19.0 (17.7–20.4)[870] | 33.5 (32.0–34.9)[2050] |
Junior middle school | 56.1 (54.1–58.2)[1710] | 8.1 (7.0–9.4)[280] | 33.6 (32.1–35.1)[1990] |
Senior middle school | 54.6 (52.5–56.7)[1640] | 5.2 (4.2–6.3)[132] | 33.2 (31.7–34.7)[1772] |
College | 44.8 (42.2–47.5)[868] | 1.7 (1.1–2.7)[28] | 25.6 (23.9–27.3)[896] |
Under graduate and above | 39.8 (24.3–57.6)[15] | — | 22.3 (13.1–35.4)[15] |
Marriage | |||
Married | 52.5 (51.3–53.7)[4526] | 9.1 (8.5–9.8)[1101] | 31.3 (30.5–32.1)[5627] |
Single | 53.2 (49.8–56.6)[630] | 5.5 (3.6–8.2)[30] | 34.4 (31.8–37.1)[660] |
Separated/Divorced | 73.2 (65.8–79.6)[143] | 19.0 (13.4–26.3)[33] | 48.7 (43.2–54.1)[176] |
Widowed | 45.7 (39.2–52.4)[114] | 17.8 (15.1–20.9)[146] | 24.9 (22.1–27.9)[260] |
Occupation | |||
Manual | 57.6 (56.1–59.0)[6436] | 12.2 (11.3–13.2)[5610] | 38.4 (37.3–39.4)[12,046] |
Intelligence | 48.6 (46.2–51.1)[2167] | 2.7 (2.0–3.6)[2044] | 26.3 (24.8–27.9)[4211] |
Retired | 41.4 (38.3–44.6)[1734] | 9.7 (8.6–11.0)[3444] | 21.6 (20.0-23.2)[5178] |
Family per capita income | |||
<500 | 51.6 (48.9–54.3)[901] | 17.2 (15.7–18.7)[527] | 32.6 (31.0–34.2)[1428] |
500– | 52.3 (49.6–55.0)[907] | 11.2 (9.9–12.7)[307] | 30.4 (28.8–32.1)[1214] |
1000– | 53.3 (51.1–55.4)[1683] | 7.3 (6.3–8.4)[284] | 30.5 (29.1–32.0)[1967] |
2000– | 55.6 (53.0–58.2)[1090] | 5.0 (3.8–6.4)[82] | 34.7 (32.8–36.6)[1172] |
3000– | 51.0 (47.5–54.6)[493] | 3.5 (2.3–5.3)[30] | 32.6 (30.0–35.4)[523] |
5000– | 51.6 (44.9–58.2)[151] | 4.6 (2.2–9.4)[10] | 33.5 (28.9–38.4)[161] |
Unknown | 48.6 (42.5–54.7)[188] | 12.2 (8.8–16.6)[70] | 29.2 (25.4–33.3)[258] |
Total | 52.9 (51.8–54.1)[5413] | 9.4 (8.8–10.0)[1310] | 31.8 (31.1–32.6)[6723] |
Male (n = 10,337) % (95% CI)[n] | Female (n = 11,098) % (95% CI)[n] | Total (n = 21,435) % (95% CI)[n] | |
---|---|---|---|
Attitudes | |||
Smoking should be banned in public places | 93.0 (92.3–93.6)[9660] | 93.8 (93.2–94.4)[10,405] | 93.4 (92.9–93.8)[20,065] |
Government should increased tobacco control efforts | 92.5 (91.8–93.1)[9640] | 95.4 (94.8–95.9)[10,568] | 93.9 (93.5–94.3)[20,208] |
Smoking should be banned in restaurants | 89.6 (88.8–90.3)[9381] | 94.6 (94.0–95.2)[10,524] | 92.0 (91.5–92.5)[19,905] |
Perceptions | |||
Smoking is fully quit in public places | 80.5 (79.6–81.4)[8385] | 72.8 (71.7–73.8)[8130] | 76.8 (76.0–77.5)[16,515] |
Hazards of low-tar cigarettes are equal to general cigarettes | 40.1 (39.0–41.3)[4102] | 29.9 (28.8–31.0)[3251] | 35.2 (34.4–36.0)[7,353] |
Every cigarette smoked is harmful to health | 95.6 (95.1–96.1)[9896] | 94.9 (94.3–95.4)[10,529] | 95.2 (94.9–95.6)[20,425] |
Tobacco is addictive | 88.5 (87.8–89.2)[9118] | 87.8 (87.1–88.5)[9656] | 88.2 (87.7–88.7)[18,774] |
Characteristic | p | OR | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Female | 1.000 | ||
Male | <0.001 | 11.528 | 10.489–12.670 |
Age | |||
18~ | 1.000 | ||
25~ | 0.641 | 1.052 | 0.852–1.299 |
35~ | 0.137 | 1.181 | 0.949–1.470 |
45~ | 0.033 | 1.269 | 1.020–1.580 |
55~ | 0.992 | 0.999 | 0.795–1.254 |
65~79 | 0.028 | 0.726 | 0.545–0.966 |
Areas | |||
Rural | 1.000 | ||
Urban | 0.062 | 1.094 | 0.996–1.203 |
Marriage | |||
Married | 1.000 | ||
Single | 0.016 | 1.149 | 0.945–1.398 |
Separated/ Divorced | <0.001 | 2.582 | 1.953–3.413 |
Widowed | <0.001 | 1.598 | 1.265–2.019 |
Occupation | |||
Manual | 1.000 | ||
Intelligence | 0.001 | 0.807 | 0.713–0.915 |
Retired | <0.001 | 0.684 | 0.605–0.772 |
Education | |||
Primary school and below | 1.000 | ||
Junior middle school | <0.001 | 0.609 | 0.536–0.691 |
Senior middle school | <0.001 | 0.502 | 0.438–0.576 |
Under graduate and above | <0.001 | 0.316 | 0.264–0.378 |
Family per capita income | |||
<500 | 1.000 | ||
500~ | 0.006 | 0.829 | 0.726–0.948 |
1000~ | 0.138 | 0.906 | 0.795–1.032 |
2000~ | 0.859 | 1.013 | 0.874–1.175 |
3000~ | 0.067 | 0.847 | 0.710–1.011 |
5000~ | 0.363 | 0.882 | 0.674–1.155 |
Smoking should be banned in public places | |||
Agree | 1.000 | ||
Not sure | <0.001 | 0.517 | 0.377–0.709 |
Disagree | 0.023 | 0.726 | 0.550–0.957 |
Uncertainty | 0.640 | 1.143 | 0.653–2.003 |
Government should increase tobacco control efforts | |||
Agree | 1.000 | ||
Not sure | <0.001 | 1.979 | 1.516–2.582 |
Disagree | 0.001 | 1.788 | 1.257–2.545 |
Uncertainty | 0.002 | 2.088 | 1.314–3.316 |
Smoking should be banned in restaurants | |||
Agree | 1.000 | ||
Not sure | <0.001 | 2.428 | 1.847–3.193 |
Disagree | <0.001 | 4.147 | 3.199–5.377 |
Uncertainty | 0.264 | 1.328 | 0.807–2.186 |
Smoking is fully quit in public places | |||
Known | 1.000 | ||
Unknown | <0.001 | 0.698 | 0.627–0.778 |
Hazards of low-tar cigarettes are equal to general cigarettes | |||
Correct | 1.000 | ||
Incorrect | <0.001 | 0.688 | 0.608–0.778 |
Unknown | <0.001 | 0.617 | 0.561–0.678 |
Every cigarette smoked is harmful to health | |||
Correct | 1.000 | ||
Incorrect | 0.915 | 0.984 | 0.734–1.320 |
Unknown | 0.848 | 1.028 | 0.773–1.367 |
Tobacco is addictive | |||
Correct | 1.000 | ||
Incorrect | 0.123 | 1.142 | 0.965–1.351 |
Unknown | <0.001 | 0.408 | 0.328–0.509 |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Li, Z.; Yao, Y.; Han, W.; Yu, Y.; Liu, Y.; Tao, Y.; Kou, C.; Jiang, L.; Sun, Q.; Yin, Y.; et al. Smoking Prevalence and Associated Factors as well as Attitudes and Perceptions towards Tobacco Control in Northeast China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 8606-8618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120708606
Li Z, Yao Y, Han W, Yu Y, Liu Y, Tao Y, Kou C, Jiang L, Sun Q, Yin Y, et al. Smoking Prevalence and Associated Factors as well as Attitudes and Perceptions towards Tobacco Control in Northeast China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(7):8606-8618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120708606
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zhijun, Yan Yao, Weiqing Han, Yaqin Yu, Yawen Liu, Yuchun Tao, Changgui Kou, Lingling Jiang, Qing Sun, Yutian Yin, and et al. 2015. "Smoking Prevalence and Associated Factors as well as Attitudes and Perceptions towards Tobacco Control in Northeast China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 7: 8606-8618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120708606