Estimation of the Biological Half-Life of Methylmercury Using a Population Toxicokinetic Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Methylmercury Assessment in Diet
2.3. Methylmercury Assessment in Blood
2.4. One-Compartment Toxicokinetic Model
2.5. Statistical Model
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Study Population
3.2. The Estimated Biological Half-Lives of Methylmercury
3.3. The Reported Half-Life of Methylmercury
4. Discussion
Variables | Total (n = 304) | Male (n = 167) | Female (n = 137) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Median | Mean ± SD | Median | Mean ± SD | Median | |
Age (years) | 48 ± 14 | 50 | 47 ± 14 | 47 | 50 ± 14 | 51 |
Weight (kg) | 66 ± 12 | 65 | 72 ± 11 | 72 | 60 ± 10 | 58 |
Total mercury in blood (µg/L) | 8.69 ± 5.96 | 7.37 | 10.12 ± 6.9 | 8.33 | 6.94 ± 3.93 | 5.93 |
Methylmercury in blood (µg/L) | 6.23 ± 4.31 | 4.98 | 6.97 ± 4.84 | 5.72 | 5.32 ± 3.36 | 4.17 |
Methylmercury intake from food (µg/kg bw/day) | 0.05 ± 0.06 | 0.031 | 0.048 ± 0.056 | 0.031 | 0.053 ± 0.063 | 0.033 |
Parameters | Total (n = 304) | Male (n = 167) | Female (n = 137) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | 2.5% | 50% | 97.5% | Mean | SD | 2.5% | 50% | 97.5% | Mean | SD | 2.5% | 50% | 97.5% | |
μ (days) | 80.2 | 8.6 | 64.0 | 80.0 | 97.8 | 81.6 | 8.4 | 66.0 | 81.4 | 98.8 | 78.9 | 8.6 | 62.8 | 78.6 | 96.4 |
τ (days) | 25.0 | 8.6 | 10.8 | 25.0 | 39.1 | 25.0 | 8.6 | 10.8 | 25.0 | 39.2 | 25.0 | 8.6 | 10.8 | 25.0 | 39.2 |
Abs | 0.955 | 0.028 | 0.904 | 0.956 | 0.998 | 0.955 | 0.028 | 0.904 | 0.958 | 0.998 | 0.954 | 0.028 | 0.904 | 0.956 | 0.998 |
Vb | 3.423 | 0.330 | 3.004 | 3.349 | 4.193 | 3.372 | 0.307 | 3.001 | 3.297 | 4.136 | 3.474 | 0.345 | 3.008 | 3.410 | 4.227 |
fracb | 0.089 | 0.008 | 0.069 | 0.091 | 0.100 | 0.091 | 0.007 | 0.072 | 0.092 | 0.100 | 0.088 | 0.009 | 0.067 | 0.090 | 0.100 |
σ (µg/L) | 1.388 | 0.108 | 1.191 | 1.388 | 1.601 | 1.459 | 0.081 | 1.310 | 1.454 | 1.631 | 1.318 | 0.082 | 1.170 | 1.314 | 1.490 |
Reference | Sample Collection | Population/n | Exposure | Half-Life Measurement | Mean Intake | Concentration (Hair or Blood) | Half-Life/Mean (Days) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Miettinen et al. (1971) [16] | Hg/Blood | Finland, adults/6 | Radiolabeled MeHg meal | No consideration of the baseline blood Hg concentration | 0.3 (µg/kg/day) | − | 49.8 |
Al-Shahristani and Shihab (1974) [18] | Hg/Hair at 8 to 12 mo. | Iraq (0.5–60 yr) /48 | MeHg-contaminated grain | − | − | − | (Total) 72 (35–120), (90%) 65 (35–100) |
Kershaw et al. (1980) [15] | Hg/Blood | Canada, male adults (19–44yr)/5 | A single meal of fish (20 µg Hg/kg bw) | Consideration of the baseline blood Hg concentration | 20.0 (18.1–21.8) µg/kg | − | 52 |
Sherlock et al. (1984) [17] | Hg/Blood | UK, adults/20 | High Hg concentrated fish, over 3 months | Consideration of the baseline blood Hg concentration | A 2.99, B 1.58, C 1.15, D 0.59, (µg/kg/day) | − | 50 |
Smith et al. (1994) [19] | MeHg/Blood | U.S., male adults/7 | Radiolabeled MeHg intravenously | MeHg remaining in the blood | − | − | 44.8 (35.1–52.8) |
Albert et al. (2010) [13] | Hg/ Hair at 12 wk/32 wk | French, pregnant women/125 | FFQ conducted twice (seafood) | − | 12 wk: 0.56, 32 wk: 0.67 (µg/kg/week) | Hair (µg/g): 12 wk: 0.82, 32 wk: 0.79 | 65.4 |
Yaginuma-Sakurai et al. (2012) [20] | Hg/ Blood and Hair | Japan, college students and graduates/27 | Fish consumption (3.4 µg/kg/week) | With/without consideration of the baseline blood Hg concentration | 3.4 (µg/kg/week) | Blood; 6.7 (3.2–19.8) ng/g, Hair; 2.3 (1.1–6.5) µg/g | Blood; 94 (58–155), Hair; 102 (60–192) |
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflict of interest
References
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Jo, S.; Woo, H.D.; Kwon, H.-J.; Oh, S.-Y.; Park, J.-D.; Hong, Y.-S.; Pyo, H.; Park, K.S.; Ha, M.; Kim, H.; et al. Estimation of the Biological Half-Life of Methylmercury Using a Population Toxicokinetic Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 9054-9067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809054
Jo S, Woo HD, Kwon H-J, Oh S-Y, Park J-D, Hong Y-S, Pyo H, Park KS, Ha M, Kim H, et al. Estimation of the Biological Half-Life of Methylmercury Using a Population Toxicokinetic Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(8):9054-9067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809054
Chicago/Turabian StyleJo, Seongil, Hae Dong Woo, Ho-Jang Kwon, Se-Young Oh, Jung-Duck Park, Young-Seoub Hong, Heesoo Pyo, Kyung Su Park, Mina Ha, Ho Kim, and et al. 2015. "Estimation of the Biological Half-Life of Methylmercury Using a Population Toxicokinetic Model" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 8: 9054-9067. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809054