Monetary Valuation of PM10-Related Health Risks in Beijing China: The Necessity for PM10 Pollution Indemnity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. PM10-Related Health Impacts and Risks
1.2. Economic Evaluation of PM10-Related Health Impacts
Economic Evaluation Method | Advantages | Limitation | Scope of Application |
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AHC |
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COI |
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2. Materials and Methodology
2.1. Study Area
- (1)
- The “core functional zone” (CFZ) includes the Dongcheng and Xicheng districts. The main task of this region is to strengthen city management, protect the ancient style of Beijing, improve the living environment, and develop the modern service industry.
- (2)
- The “expanding urban function zone” (EUFZ) consists of the Chaoyang, Haidian, Fengtai and Shijingshan districts. The function of this region is to expand the nationwide and worldwide export-oriented economical service function, promote scientific and technological innovation and develop high-tech industries.
- (3)
- The “new urban development zone” (NUDZ) includes the five districts of Tongzhou, Daxing, Shunyi, Fangshan and Changping. The region relies on the development of the Beijing manufacturing industry and modern agriculture. Additionally, it is also an important area to relocate industry and population from the city center and is the future economic center of Beijing.
- (4)
- The “ecological conservation zone” (ECZ) includes the five counties of Mentougou, Pinggu, Huairou, Miyun and Yanqing. This region is essential for guaranteeing the regional sustainable development of Beijing.
2.2. PM10-Related Health Risk and Impact Quantification Methods
2.2.1. Hazard Identification
2.2.2. Health Risk and Impact Assessment Method
2.2.3. Exposure-Response Coefficients Selection
Health Endpoints | β (95% CI) | E0 |
---|---|---|
Individual mortality | 4.3 (2.60, 6.10) [13,14] | 0.01013 [48] |
Chronic bronchitis | 5.77 (1.93, 9.61) [49] | 0.01390 [50] |
Respiratory hospitalization | 1.2 (0.80, 1.60) [51] | 0.01022 [52] |
Cardiovascular hospitalization | 0.7 (0.30, 1.10) [51] | 0.00546 [52] |
Outpatient visits to internal medicine | 0.01374 (0.01077, 0.01679) [53] | 0.41105 [52] |
Outpatient visits to pediatrics | 0.01551 (0.01041, 0.02060) [53] | 0.15300 [52] |
Acute bronchitis | 5.5 (1.89, 9.11) [49] | 0.03800 [52] |
Asthma attacks | 3.9 (1.90, 5.90) [54] | 0.05610 [55] |
2.3. Monetary Valuation Model of PM10-Related Health Risks
Year | Medical Costs ($) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Hospitalization | Asthma Attacks | Acute Bronchitis | Outpatient Visits | |
2008 | 2233.94 | 255.54 | 406.77 | 52.41 |
2009 | 2595.36 | 293.67 | 434.19 | 54.88 |
2010 | 2650.59 | 319.90 | 463.47 | 57.35 |
2011 | 2705.81 | 346.13 | 494.72 | 59.82 |
2012 | 2761.04 | 372.36 | 528.08 | 59.82 |
2.4. Data Collection
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. PM10-Related Health Risks in Beijing
3.2. PM10-Related Health Impacts of Different Districts in Beijing
Health Endpoints | Frequencies (95% CI) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |
Individual mortality | 0.0093 (0.0082–0.0105) | 0.0093 (0.0081–0.0104) | 0.0093 (0.0081–0.0104) | 0.0091 (0.0080–0.0101) | 0.0089 (0.0079–0.0100) |
Chronic bronchitis | 0.0203 (0.0157–0.0249) | 0.0202 (0.0157–0.0248) | 0.0202 (0.0157–0.0248) | 0.0198 (0.0156–0.0240) | 0.0195 (0.0155–0.0235) |
Respiratory hospitalization | 0.0115 (0.0111–0.0119) | 0.0115 (0.0110–0.0119) | 0.0115 (0.0110–0.0119) | 0.0114 (0.0110–0.0118) | 0.0113 (0.0109–0.0117) |
Cardiovascular hospitalization | 0.0059 (0.0056–0.0061) | 0.0058 (0.0056–0.0061) | 0.0058 (0.0056–0.0061) | 0.0058 (0.0056–0.0060) | 0.0058 (0.0056–0.0060) |
Outpatient visits to internal medicine | 0.4116 (0.4115–0.4118) | 0.4116 (0.4115–0.4117) | 0.4116 (0.4115–0.4116) | 0.4116 (0.4115–0.4117) | 0.4116 (0.4114–0.4117) |
Outpatient visits to pediatrics | 0.1532 (0.1532–0.1533) | 0.1532 (0.1532–0.1533) | 0.1532 (0.1532–0.1533) | 0.1532 (0.1531–0.1533) | 0.1532 (0.1531–0.1533) |
Acute bronchitis | 0.0593 (0.0453–0.0733) | 0.0591 (0.0453–0.0730) | 0.0591 (0.0453–0.0730) | 0.0576 (0.0448–0.0705) | 0.0566 (0.0444–0.0688) |
Asthma attacks | 0.0784 (0.0670–0.0899) | 0.0782 (0.0669–0.0895) | 0.0782 (0.0669–0.0895) | 0.0767 (0.0661–0.0872) | 0.0756 (0.0656–0.0856) |
Health Endpoints | Number of Cases | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |
Individual mortality | 55,844 | 57,196 | 63,910 | 60,800 | 58,675 |
Chronic bronchitis | 126,528 | 129,592 | 144,803 | 137,745 | 132,921 |
Respiratory hospitalization | 22,400 | 22,954 | 25,648 | 24,493 | 23,706 |
Cardiovascular hospitalization | 6833 | 7003 | 7825 | 7482 | 7248 |
Outpatient visits to internal medicine | 9771 | 10,018 | 11,194 | 10,726 | 10,406 |
Outpatient visits to pediatrics | 4106 | 4210 | 4704 | 4507 | 4373 |
Acute bronchitis | 431,698 | 442,139 | 494,037 | 469,848 | 453,285 |
Asthma attacks | 436,235 | 446,815 | 499,261 | 475,068 | 458,547 |
All | 1,093,415 | 1,119,927 | 1,251,383 | 1,190,669 | 1,149,161 |
3.3. Monetary Costs of PM10-Related Health Impacts in Beijing
Health Endpoints | Economic Loss ($) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | |
Individual mortality | 1.35E + 10 | 1.41E + 10 | 1.71E + 10 | 1.77E + 10 | 1.79E + 10 |
Chronic bronchitis | 9.82E + 09 | 1.03E + 10 | 1.24E + 10 | 1.28E + 10 | 1.30E + 10 |
Respiratory hospitalization | 6.12E + 07 | 7.06E + 07 | 7.96E + 07 | 7.70E + 07 | 7.49E + 07 |
Cardiovascular hospitalization | 1.87E + 07 | 2.15E + 07 | 2.43E + 07 | 2.35E + 07 | 2.29E + 07 |
Outpatient visits to internal medicine | 5.15E + 05 | 5.54E + 05 | 6.37E + 05 | 6.26E + 05 | 6.23E + 05 |
Outpatient visits to pediatrics | 2.17E + 05 | 2.33E + 05 | 2.68E + 05 | 2.63E + 05 | 2.62E + 05 |
Acute bronchitis | 1.04E + 07 | 1.15E + 07 | 1.39E + 07 | 1.40E + 07 | 1.42E + 07 |
Asthma attacks | 1.20E + 08 | 1.38E + 08 | 1.66E + 08 | 1.67E + 08 | 1.71E + 08 |
Total loss | 2.36E + 10 | 2.46E + 10 | 2.98E + 10 | 3.08E + 10 | 3.12E + 10 |
3.4. Discussion
3.4.1. Monetary Valuation Based on Different Districts in Beijing
3.4.2. Monetary Valuation Based on Different Functional Zones in Beijing
3.4.3. Overall Monetary Valuation in Beijing
3.4.4. PM10 Pollution Control Policies in Beijing from 2008 to 2012
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Yin, H.; Xu, L.; Cai, Y. Monetary Valuation of PM10-Related Health Risks in Beijing China: The Necessity for PM10 Pollution Indemnity. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2015, 12, 9967-9987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809967
Yin H, Xu L, Cai Y. Monetary Valuation of PM10-Related Health Risks in Beijing China: The Necessity for PM10 Pollution Indemnity. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2015; 12(8):9967-9987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809967
Chicago/Turabian StyleYin, Hao, Linyu Xu, and Yanpeng Cai. 2015. "Monetary Valuation of PM10-Related Health Risks in Beijing China: The Necessity for PM10 Pollution Indemnity" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12, no. 8: 9967-9987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120809967