Persistent HIV Viremia: Description of a Cohort of HIV Infected Individuals with ART Failure in Puerto Rico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Statistical Analyses
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Bivariate Profile
Variables n (%) | Non Detectable Viral Load & N = 221 | Detectable Viral Load & N = 661 | p a |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||
Male | 133 (60.2) | 409 (61.9) | >0.05 |
Female | 88 (39.8) | 252 (38.1) | >0.05 |
Body Mass Index | |||
Underweight | 14 (6.8) | 58 (9.6) | >0.05 |
Normal | 91 (44.2) | 287 (47.4) | >0.05 |
Overweight/Obese | 101 (49) | 261 (43.1) | >0.05 |
Risk factors ^ | |||
Intravenous drug use | 57 (25.8) | 212 (32.1) | <0.05 |
Heroin use | 78 (35.3) | 230 (34.8) | >0.05 |
Cocaine use | 110 (49.8) | 334 (50.5) | >0.05 |
Heroine + Cocaine use | 76 (34.4) | 215 (32.5) | >0.05 |
Amphetamine use | 55 (25) | 145 (22) | >0.05 |
Crack use | 165 (25.3) | 161 (24.4) | >0.05 |
Cannabis use | 90 (40.7) | 319 (48.3) | <0.05 |
Co morbid conditions ^ | |||
Diabetes mellitus | 13 (5.9) | 55 (8.4) | <0.05 b |
Renal insufficiency | 4 (1.8) | 27 (4.1) | >0.05 b |
Cardiovascular disease | 37 (16.8) | 95 (14.4) | >0.05 b |
Psychological profile ^ | |||
Mental disorders | 9 (4.1) | 35 (5.3) | >0.05 b |
Isolation | 93 (42.1) | 253 (38.3) | >0.05 |
Antisocial behavior | 78 (35.5) | 259 (39.2) | >0.05 |
Loss of work | 43 (19.5) | 104 (15.7) | >0.05 |
Alcohol abuse | 37 (27.2) | 107 (30.8) | <0.05 |
Mortality profile | |||
One year mortality | 11 (5.0) | 41 (6.2) | >0.05 b |
Strata * | n | 95% Confidence Interval for Mean | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Bound | Upper Bound | ||||
1 January 2000 to 31 December 2002 | 239 | 122,712.97 | 97,215.61 | 148,210.33 | <0.0001 |
1 January 2003 to 31 December 2005 | 180 | 144,584.36 | 119,126.10 | 170,042.63 | |
1 January 2006 to 31 December 2008 | 127 | 180,567.81 | 120,302.42 | 240,833.20 | |
1 January 2009 to 31 December 2011 | 115 | 191,196.14 | 105,837.38 | 276,554.90 | |
Total | 661 | 151,699.32 | 129,738.96 | 173,659.69 |
3.2. Multivariate Profile
Variables a | 2000–2002 | 2003–2005 | 2006–2008 | 2009–2011 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||||
Male | 139,549.46 | 141,812.47 | 161,479.31 | 196,673.59 | <0.0001 |
Female | 94,336.87 | 149,859.90 | 202,568.12 | 181,675.81 | <0.0001 |
Body Mass Index | |||||
Underweight b | 103,463.25 | 142,623.17 | 281,912.50 | 462,419.88 | <0.05 |
Normal b | 142,383.22 | 166,449.46 | 200,297.44 | 224,387.67 | <0.05 |
Overweight/Obese b | 107,025.76 | 115,098.19 | 126,806.57 | 135,78.50 | <0.05 |
Risk factors | |||||
Intravenous drug use | 119,838.63 | 156,827.40 | 206,664.17 | 239,627.09 | <0.05 |
Cocaine use | 121,578.97 | 172,129.96 | 196,431.25 | 208,812.54 | <0.05 |
Crack use | 131,924.75 | 165,193.00 | 186,316.92 | 204,891.33 | <0.0001 |
Cannabis use | 106,862.19 | 178,471.37 | 212,686.60 | 154,391.48 | <0.05 |
Loss of work | 111,226.72 | 149,996.45 | 161,694.90 | 196,901.00 | <0.05 |
Alcohol abuse | 122,813.22 | 140,426.00 | 186,923.75 | 230,248.68 | <0.05 |
3.3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Maldonado-Martínez, G.; Hunter-Mellado, R.F.; Fernández-Santos, D.; Ríos-Olivares, E. Persistent HIV Viremia: Description of a Cohort of HIV Infected Individuals with ART Failure in Puerto Rico. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010050
Maldonado-Martínez G, Hunter-Mellado RF, Fernández-Santos D, Ríos-Olivares E. Persistent HIV Viremia: Description of a Cohort of HIV Infected Individuals with ART Failure in Puerto Rico. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(1):50. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010050
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaldonado-Martínez, Gerónimo, Robert F. Hunter-Mellado, Diana Fernández-Santos, and Eddy Ríos-Olivares. 2016. "Persistent HIV Viremia: Description of a Cohort of HIV Infected Individuals with ART Failure in Puerto Rico" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 1: 50. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010050