Next Article in Journal
A Comparative Study of Scientific Publications in Health Care Sciences and Services from Mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, and India (2007–2014)
Previous Article in Journal
Identifying Watershed Regions Sensitive to Soil Erosion and Contributing to Lake Eutrophication—A Case Study in the Taihu Lake Basin (China)
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
IJERPH
Volume 13
Issue 1
10.3390/ijerph13010078
ijerph-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Article

Discontinuous and Continuous Indoor Air Quality Monitoring in Homes with Fireplaces or Wood Stoves as Heating System

by
Gianluigi De Gennaro
1,2,*,
Paolo Rosario Dambruoso
2,
Alessia Di Gilio
2,
Valerio Di Palma
1,
Annalisa Marzocca
2 and
Maria Tutino
2
1
Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro—Via Orabona 4, Bari 70126, Italy
2
Apulia Regional Agency for Environmental Prevention and Protection—Corso Trieste 27, Bari 70126, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13(1), 78; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010078
Submission received: 23 October 2015 / Revised: 14 December 2015 / Accepted: 17 December 2015 / Published: 24 December 2015
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Around 50% of the world’s population, particularly in developing countries, uses biomass as one of the most common fuels. Biomass combustion releases a considerable amount of various incomplete combustion products, including particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The paper presents the results of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) measurements in six houses equipped with wood burning stoves or fireplaces as heating systems. The houses were monitored for 48-h periods in order to collect PM10 samples and measure PAH concentrations. The average, the maximum and the lowest values of the 12-h PM10 concentration were 68.6 μg/m3, 350.7 μg/m3 and 16.8 μg/m3 respectively. The average benzo[a]pyrene 12-h concentration was 9.4 ng/m3, while the maximum and the minimum values were 24.0 ng/m3 and 1.5 ng/m3, respectively. Continuous monitoring of PM10, PAHs, Ultra Fine Particle (UFP) and Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) was performed in order to study the progress of pollution phenomena due to biomass burning, their trends and contributions to IAQ. The results show a great heterogeneity of impacts on IAQ in terms of magnitude and behavior of the considered pollutants’ concentrations. This variability is determined by not only different combustion technologies or biomass quality, but overall by different ignition mode, feeding and flame management, which can also be different for the same house. Moreover, room dimensions and ventilation were significant factors for pollution dispersion. The increase of PM10, UFP and PAH concentrations, during lighting, was always detected and relevant. Continuous monitoring allowed singling out contributions of other domestic sources of considered pollutants such as cooking and cigarettes. Cooking contribution produced an impact on IAQ in same cases higher than that of the biomass heating system.

1. Introduction

Indoor Air Quality requires attention as it relates to the health and comfort of people that spend most of their time indoors [1,2,3]. Heating, cooking, smoking, cleaning as well as furnishings or building materials are important indoor sources of gaseous pollutants and particles [4,5,6,7,8]. The impact of these sources is linked to the amount and hazard of the emitted pollutants [9,10]. Moreover, several factors such as occupant’s behavior, microclimatic and ventilation condition and outdoor intrusion can influence indoor pollution levels [11]. Great interest is paid to particulate matter (PM) in relation to its concentration, chemical composition and the duration of exposure [8]. A large number of indoor particle sources were identified and investigated by many studies. Among these, resuspension of particles by human activities and pet movements, dusting, vacuuming and showering contributes to the coarse mode of indoor particles [12,13,14]. Tobacco smoking, cooking, kerosene heating [15], gas burners [15,16], burning of candles [17], incense sticks [18] and biomass in open fireplaces [8,19,20,21] are the main indoor sources of fine and ultrafine particles [22,23,24,25]. In recent studies, a considerable attention was paid to indoor biomass combustion [26] that releases a considerable amount of pollutants, including carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxides (NOx), sulfur dioxide (SO2), formaldehyde (HCHO), volatile organic compounds (VOC), particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [27,28,29]. Ventilation systems and other heat sources can influence indoor air quality determining higher pollutant levels than outdoors [30,31,32,33]. Moreover it was found that combustion processes contribute poorly to 24-h mean PM10 levels [8,34]. However, number concentrations of emitted fine particles (PM2.5) and UFP (particles with diameter less than 100 nm) are relevant and thus, may be a more appropriate predictor of health effects [35,36]. Therefore, several authors have paid particular attention to the formation of PM and UFP in indoor air when operating wood-burning fireplace ovens and stoves [36,37,38,39,40,41]. These studies proved that these heating systems were potential sources of particles [42]. In detail, the number concentration and chemical composition of the particles emitted by open fireplace and stoves are key elements for indoor exposure assessment and for developing appropriate mitigation strategies. Therefore, this work aimed to evaluate the impact of wood fireplaces and stoves on indoor pollutant concentrations and to study the dynamics of pollution phenomena. In particular, 12-h PM10 samples were collected in six residential houses located in the hinterland of Bari (Southern Italy) in order to measure their mass and PAH concentrations for evaluating the residents’ exposure. Simultaneously, real time monitoring of PM10, PAHs, UFP and Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOC) was carried out in order to study the progress of pollution phenomena due to biomass burning.

2. Experimental Section

Indoor air quality was measured in six houses in the Apulia Region characterized by a heating system based on wood burning stoves or fireplaces. Houses 1 and 3 have cast iron wood stoves while the other houses have open fireplaces as heating system, respectively. The house and heating system characteristics and information regarding type and weight of wood are reported in Table 1.
Table
Table 1. Type of heating systems used, amount and type of wood burned and room volume for each house.
Table 1. Type of heating systems used, amount and type of wood burned and room volume for each house.
Monitored Houses Heating SystemAmount of Wood Burned (kg)Type of Wood BurnedRoom Volume (m3)
House 1Wood stove16Olive tree wood98.0
House 2Fireplace15Olive and almond tree wood72.0
House 3Wood stove20Olive and pine wood42.0
House 4Fireplace18Olive and almond tree wood40.0
House 5Fireplace12Olive tree wood103.0
House 6Fireplace18Olive tree wood56.0
Monitoring campaign of 48-h periods was performed in each house for assessing indoor PM10 concentrations and particle size distribution. For the duration of the monitored periods, two 12-h PM10 samples were collected in each house during biomass burning and two 12-h PM10 samples during no-burning periods. In particular, PM10 was collected by a Sequential Air Sampler (SILENT Sequential Air Sampler—FAI Instruments S.r.l., Roma, Italy) for 12 h on polycarbonate fiber filters (47 mm diameter Whatman, Buckinghamshire, UK) equipped with sampling heads operating at a flow rate of 10 L/min with a relative uncertainty of 5% of the measured value. A total amount of 24 PM10 samples were collected and stored in a freezer at −4 °C. PM10 samples were analyzed for determining PAH concentrations. The extraction of PAHs was conducted with a mixture of acetone/hexane through a microwave assisted solvent extraction by a Milestone, model Ethos D device (Milestone s.r.l., Sorisole (BG) Italy), which allowed the simultaneous extraction of up to 10 samples under the same conditions. The extracted samples were analyzed using an Agilent 6890 PLUS gas chromatograph (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with a programmable temperature vaporization injection system (PTV) and interfaced with a quadrupole mass spectrometer, operating in electron impact ionization (Agilent MS-5973 N, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA. The identification of each PAH (benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[b+j]fluorene (Bb+jF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), benzo[g]perylene (BgP), indenopyrene (IP) and dibenzoanthracene (DBA)) was performed using perylene D12 (PrD, 264) as the internal standard (IS). The analytical performance of the whole procedure (extraction recovery, extraction linearity, analytical repeatability, Limit Of Detection-LOD) was verified in our previous study [43].
Moreover, the high time resolved concentrations of PM10 and ultrafine particles were measured. The real time PM10 concentration was provided by an Optical Particle Counter (OPC Multichannel Monitor—FAI Instruments, Roma, Italy). Number concentration and size distribution of ultrafine particles ranged from 5.6 nm to 560 nm were measured by using a Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS 3091—TSI, Buckinghamshire, UK. Simultaneously the real time concentrations of total VOC and total PAHs were monitored by a PID PhoCheck TIGER (Ion Science Inc., Cambridge, UK) and by an Ecochem PAS 2000 (SARAS S.p.A., S.p.A., Milno, Italy), respectively. The instruments were installed in front of the heating system, at a height of 1.5 ± 0.1 m from the ground and 1.0–1.5 m away from any door or vent. All sampler inlets were placed at least 1 m from any other combustion source (Figure 1).
Ijerph 13 00078 g001 1024
Figure 1. Instrument positioning in (a) House 1 and (b) House 5.
Figure 1. Instrument positioning in (a) House 1 and (b) House 5.
Ijerph 13 00078 g001
A questionnaire was administered to habitants in order to obtained information about stove or fireplace use, the amount of wood used during the sampling period, ventilation conditions and the occupants’ normal behavior (cooking and heating appliances, hygiene and personal care, use of sanitation and cleaning products, etc.).

3. Results and Discussion

The average PM10 and PAH concentrations obtained during the biomass burning periods (two 12-h PM10 filters) and no-burning periods (two 12-h PM10 filters) are showed in Table 2.
Table
Table 2. PM10 and PAH concentrations obtained during biomass burning (lighting) and no-burning (no lighting) periods in house operating wood stove (Houses 1 and 3) and fireplace (Houses 2, 4–6).
Table 2. PM10 and PAH concentrations obtained during biomass burning (lighting) and no-burning (no lighting) periods in house operating wood stove (Houses 1 and 3) and fireplace (Houses 2, 4–6).
Monitored Houses Activities B(a)AB(b+j)FB(k)FB(a)PDBAIPBgP ∑ P A H (ng/m3)PM10 (ng/m3)
House 1Lighting73.831.19.719.720.919.538.0212.766.3
No lighting29.526.68.716.615.115.827.6139.954.2
House 2Lighting97.022.59.112.911.010.622.8185.974.8
No lighting34.312.13.96.58.77.416.189.054.7
House 3Lighting46.612.04.04.17.35.913.092.9212.3
No lighting4.75.12.63.23.33.15.527.552.9
House 4Lighting99.517.75.416.612.89.321.5182.880.7
No lighting24.614.75.19.39.98.620.092.353.8
House 5Lighting52.119.714.111.914.29.424.3145.738.2
No lighting30.311.14.05.014.77.517.389.922.8
House 6Lighting45.511.63.25.68.66.112.593.067.1
No lighting1.72.61.31.52.01.72.913.745.9
The results obtained during the monitored periods showed that the highest concentrations of PM10 were detected when operating the wood burning fireplace or stove, highlighting the impact of biomass burning on indoor air quality. PM10 concentrations were higher than the limit value (50 μg/m3) established by the Directive 2008/50 European Commission for outdoor environments, except for House 5. The highest concentrations were determined in House 3 (212.3 μg/m3 and 52.9 μg/m3 with the fireplace on and off, respectively) where a cast iron closed wood stove was placed in an environment with lower ceilings. On the contrary, the lowest concentrations of House 5 (38.2 μg/m3 and 22.8 μg/m3 during biomass burning and no-burning, respectively) could be due to the larger and better ventilated monitored environment. The same findings were observed for PAHs. The sum of PAH concentrations ranged from 92.9 to 212.7 and from 13.7 to 139.9 ng/m3 during the two monitored periods. The highest values were determined in House 1 where a cast iron wood stove was used for domestic heating. BaP concentrations were always higher than the target yearly value of 1 ng/m3 established by Directive 2008/50 European Commission for outdoor air, reaching a maximum value of 19.7 ng/m3 in House 1 during lighting periods. Moreover, high concentrations of PAHs were detected in the House 5, characterized by the lowest levels of PM10. Therefore, this finding suggested that PM10 concentration is not a good indicator of indoor air quality.
The comparison between subsequent lightings performed in the same indoor environment showed that many factors could influence the emission process. In detail, it was found that indoor concentrations of PM10 and BaP during the two burning periods were different although operating under the same conditions: same heating system, wood burned and indoor environment (see Figure 2).
This finding highlighted that the efficiency of the burning process (combustion duration and temperature, and smoldering or flaming combustion), greatly influence the emissions from fireplaces or wood stoves [11,38].
PAH diagnostic ratios have recently been used as tools for identifying and assessing pollution emission sources [44]. Huang et al. found BaP/BgP and IP/[IP+BgP] ratios equal to 1.4–2.0 and 0.64, respectively, during rice straw burning [44,45]. Hays et al. showed that BaP/BgP and BaP/IP ratios are strongly linked to wheat residue burning in an experimental chamber [46]. In our previous study of sources conducted in olive tree fields, the BaP/BgP, IP/[IP+BgP], BaP/IP and IP/BgP ratios were found [47]. These average ratio values for olive wood burning were compared with those of this study during biomass burning and no-burning periods (Table 3). Good agreement between the diagnostic ratios obtained from olive wood combustion and those in indoor environments was not found, suggesting that several sources in indoor environments contribute to PAH concentrations influencing the diagnostic ratio.
Ijerph 13 00078 g002 1024
Figure 2. PM10 and BaP concentrations for each lighting in three houses.
Figure 2. PM10 and BaP concentrations for each lighting in three houses.
Ijerph 13 00078 g002
Table
Table 3. The average of diagnostic ratios comparison between this study (lighting and no lighting) and biomass burning in olive trees field.
Table 3. The average of diagnostic ratios comparison between this study (lighting and no lighting) and biomass burning in olive trees field.
Diagnostic RatiosBiomass Burning in Olive Tree Fields [47]This Study
LightingNo Lighting
IP/BgP1.120.50.5
IP/(IP+BgP)0.530.30.3
BgP/BgP1.550.50.5
BgP/IP1.381.10.9
Moreover, no significant differences were observed between the diagnostic ratios associated with biomass burning and no-burning periods, both for fireplaces and wood stoves. This result suggested that the impact of biomass burning source on IAQ was also relevant when the fireplace and stove were not operated.
Therefore, the real time concentrations of PM10, UFP, total PAHs and VOCs were monitored in each house. The VOC concentration results are not included in the paper because no relevant information concerning biomass burning as an indoor VOC source were obtained. On the contrary, the high time resolved data of PM10, UFP and total PAH concentrations, highlighted the impact of several indoor sources such as lighting, cigarettes and cooking. As an example, Figure 3 shows the temporal trend of these pollutants in House 1. The two biomass burning periods showed different trends of investigated pollutants in terms of intensity and duration, confirming the above. Real time monitoring of pollutants also showed that the habitants’ behavior may have a great influence on indoor pollutant emissions and thus on indoor air quality. In fact, it was found that closing the windows during the night after the biomass burning determined a pollutant increase due to their stagnation in the indoor environment. This finding suggests that ventilation frequency and duration, fireplace characteristics, design and location are the key elements for improving IAQ. In detail, it was found that PAH, PM10 and UFP concentrations were lower in large and well-ventilated environments. In particular, in House 5 the fireplace was characterized by a strong chimney draft and it was positioned in a big room, an open space where there was access to three other rooms and a stairway leading upstairs.
Ijerph 13 00078 g003 1024
Figure 3. Temporal trend of PM10, UFP and total PAH concentrations in House 1. The FMPS spectrum is reported in the bottom picture.
Figure 3. Temporal trend of PM10, UFP and total PAH concentrations in House 1. The FMPS spectrum is reported in the bottom picture.
Ijerph 13 00078 g003
In addition, UFP concentrations determined in all houses provided the same results concerning BaP: the highest concentrations were determined in House 1 (daily mean: 2.2 × 104 particles/cm3), while the lowest one in House 3 (daily mean: 1.4 × 104 particles/cm3). Moreover, the UFP concentrations during biomass burning in fireplaces ranged from 1.8 × 104 to 4.5 × 104 particles/cm3 and the highest concentrations were detected during food cooking, while sharp peaks were observed during cigarette smoking. In particular, the mean UFP concentration during food cooking was 4.8 × 104 particles/cm3 and it reached maximum values of 5.8 × 104 particles/cm3. The number of UFP emitted during cigarette smoking was variable and reached a maximum value of 5.2 × 104 particles/cm3. The FMPS spectrum also revealed the nucleation and accumulation period of UFP. In particular, the first lighting resulted in midday “blobs” in the spectrum suggesting nucleation bursts of particles around 80 nm. On the contrary, the second lighting was characterized by a nucleation event with “banana-like” growth characteristics, indicating that coagulation occurred when emitted particles reached high concentrations.
In fact, as reported in previous works, coagulation occurs when Brownian motion determines collisions with surrounding gas molecules producing a shift in UFP size [48,49,50]. The differences between the two lightings could be due to the better dispersion conditions during the first event that do not allow particle agglomeration and growth. The other two nucleation events with the “banana-like” growth characteristics were determined in the hours when coffee and lunch were cooked.
The size distribution of UFP emitted by biomass burning in fireplaces was unimodal with a primary mode from 70 to 90 nm. The same trend was determined for the UFP distributions during cooking (in Figure 4), when the UFP concentrations reached 5.8 × 104 particles/cm3. However, even if the particles in accumulation mode were comparable between biomass burning and cooking sources, higher concentrations of UFP with diameters ranging from 10 to 20 nm were registered for cooking sources. This result is in agreement with previous studies where frying produced peak number concentrations of UFPs at about 70 nm, with a secondary peak at 10 nm [51,52,53]. These results confirmed the high impact of cooking on indoor air quality.
Ijerph 13 00078 g004 1024
Figure 4. Size distribution of UFP emitted during the two lightings and cooking for House 1 (for example).
Figure 4. Size distribution of UFP emitted during the two lightings and cooking for House 1 (for example).
Ijerph 13 00078 g004

4. Conclusions

The present study enables us to highlight the impact of biomass burning on indoor air quality. In fact, an increase of PM10 and BaP concentrations were detected when operating open wood burning fireplaces and stove, reaching values higher than the limit and target values set by Directive 2008/50 European Commission. The 12 h PM10 sampling and PAHs diagnostic ratio highlighted the relevant impact of biomass burning source on IAQ, even if fireplaces and stoves were not operated. The real time monitoring was a useful tool: (a) to study the dynamics of pollution phenomena due to biomass burning; (b) to identify the different indoor sources and (c) to evaluate the factors influencing the indoor pollutant concentrations. The study showed that ventilation frequency and duration, fireplace characteristics, design and location could be the key elements for improving the indoor air quality and preserving human health.

Author Contributions

All authors contributed equally to this work.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Zhang, J.J.; Smith, K.R. Indoor air pollution: A global health concern. Br. Med. Bull. 2003, 68, 209–225. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  2. Ashmore, M.R.; Dimitroulopoulou, C. Personal exposure of children to air pollution. Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43, 128–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Weschler, C.J. Changes in indoor pollutants since the 1950s. Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43, 153–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Park, H.S.; Ji, C.; Hong, T. Methodology for assessing human health impacts due to pollutants emitted from building materials. Build. Environ. 2016, 95, 133–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  5. Isaxon, C.; Gudmundsson, A.; Nordin, E.Z.; Lönnblad, L.; Dahl, A.; Wieslander, G.; Bohgard, M.; Wierzbicka, A. Contribution of indoor-generated particles to residential exposure. Atmos. Environ. 2015, 106, 458–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  6. Bekö, G.; Weschler, C.J.; Wierzbicka, A.; Karottki, D.G.; Toftum, J.; Loft, S.; Clausen, G. Ultrafine particles: Exposure and source apportionment in 56 Danish homes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47, 10240–10248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  7. Airborne Particles: Exposure in the Home and Health Effects. Available online: http://www.einsten.net/pdf/0100250502.pdf (accessed on 23 October 2015).
  8. He, C.; Morawska, L.; Hitchins, J.; Gilbert, D. Contribution from indoor sources to particle number and mass concentrations in residential houses. Atmos. Environ. 2004, 38, 3405–3415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  9. Arku, R.E.; Adamkiewicz, G.; Vallarino, J.; Spengler, J.D.; Levy, D.E. Seasonal variability in environmental tobacco smoke exposure in public housing developments. Indoor Air 2015, 25, 13–20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  10. Elliott, T.G.; Ellison, M.C.; Matt Earnest, C.; Brent, S. Indoor air pollution in developing countries: Research and implementation needs for improvements in global public health. Am. J. Public Health 2013, 103, e67–e72. [Google Scholar]
  11. De Gennaro, G.; Dambruoso, P.R.; Loiotile, A.D.; di Gilio, A.; Giungato, P.; Tutino, M.; Marzocca, A.; Mazzone, A.; Palmisani, J.; Porcelli, F. Indoor air quality in schools. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2014, 12, 467–482. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Monn, C.; Fuchs, A.; Kogelschatz, D.; Wanner, H. Comparison of indoor and outdoor concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5. J. Aerosol Sci. 1995, 26, S515–S516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  13. Tucker, W.G. An overview of PM2.5 sources and control strategies. Fuel Process. Technol. 2000, 65–66, 379–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  14. Verriele, M.; Schoemaecker, C.; Hanoune, B.; Leclerc, N.; Germain, S.; Gaudion, V.; Locoge, N. The MERMAID study: Indoor and outdoor average pollutant concentrations in ten low energy school buildings in France. Indoor Air 2015, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  15. Carteret, M.; Pauwels, J.F.; Hanoune, B. Emission factors of gaseous pollutants from recent kerosene space heaters and fuels available in France in 2010. Indoor Air 2012, 22, 299–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  16. Wallace, L.; Wang, F.; Howard-Reed, C.; Persily, A. Contribution of gas and electric stoves to residential ultrafine particle concentrations between 2 and 64 nm: Size distributions and emission and coagulation rates. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 8641–8647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Wallace, L.; Ott, W. Personal exposure to ultrafine particles. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2011, 21, 20–30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  18. Glytsos, T.; Ondracek, J.; Dzumbova, L.; Kopanakisa, I.; Lazaridis, M. Characterization of particulate matter concentrations during controlled indoor activities. Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44, 1539–1549. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Wang, B.; Lee, S.C.; Ho, K.F.; Kang, Y.M. Characteristics of emissions of air pollutants from burning of incense in Temples, Hong Kong. Sci. Total Environ. 2007, 377, 52–60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  20. Lahiri, T.; Ray, M.R. Effects of indoor air pollution from biomass fuel use on women’s health in India. In Air Pollution; Gujar, B.R., Molina, L.T., Ojha, C.S.P., Eds.; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2010; pp. 135–163. [Google Scholar]
  21. Tuckett, C.J.; Holmes, P.; Harrison, P.T.C. Airborne particles in the home. J. Aerosol Sci. 1998, 29, S293–S294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Long, C.M.; Suh, H.H.; Koutrakis, P. Characterization of indoor particle sources using continuous mass and size monitors. J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 2000, 50, 1236–1250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  23. Morawska, L.; Zhang, J. Combustion sources of particles: Health relevance and source signatures. Chemosphere 2002, 49, 1045–1058. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Abt, E.; Suh, H.H.; Catalano, P.; Koutrakis, P. Relative contribution of outdoor and indoor particle sources to indoor concentrations. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2000, 34, 3579–3587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Afshari, A.; Matson, U.; Ekberg, L.E. Characterization of indoor sources of fine and ultrafine particles: A study conducted in a full-scale chamber. Indoor Air 2005, 15, 141–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  26. Brauer, M.; Hirtle, R.; Lang, B.; Ott, W. Assessment of indoor fine aerosol contributions from environmental tobacco smoke and cooking with reportable nephelometer. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2000, 10, 136–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  27. Bruce, N.; Perez-Padilla, R.; Albalak, R. Indoor air pollution in developing countries: A major environmental and public health challenge. Bull. World Health Organ. 2000, 78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Smith, K.R.; Samet, J.M.; Romieu, I.; Bruce, N. Indoor air pollution in developing countries and acute lower respiratory infections in children. Thorax 2000, 55, 518–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  29. Siddiqui, A.R.; Lee, K.; Bennett, D.; Yang, X.; Brown, K.H.; Bhutta, Z.A.; Gold, E.B. Indoor carbon monoxide and PM2.5 concentrations by cooking fuels in Pakistan. Indoor Air 2009, 19, 75–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  30. Zuk, M.; Rojas, L.; Blanco, S.; Serrano, P.; Cruz, J.; Angeles, F.; Tzintzun, G.; Armendariz, C.; Edwards, R.D.; Johnson, M.; et al. The impact of improved wood-burning stoves on fine particulate matter concentrations in rural Mexican homes. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2007, 17, 224–232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  31. Albalak, R.; Bruce, N.; McCracken, J.P.; Smith, K.R.; de Gallardo, T. Indoor respirable particulate matter concentrations from an open fire, improved cookstove, and LPG/openfire combination in a rural Guatemalan community. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2001, 35, 2650–2655. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Albalak, R.; Keeler, G.J.; Frisancho, A.R.; Haber, M. Assessment of PM10 concentrations from domestic biomass fuel combustion in two rural Bolivian highland villages. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1999, 33, 2505–2509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Bruce, N.; McCracken, J.; Albalak, R.; Schei, M.; Smith, K.R.; Lopez, V.; West, C. Impact of improved stoves, house construction and child location on levels of indoor air pollution exposure in young Guatemalan children. J. Expo. Anal. Environ. Epidemiol. 2004, 14, S26–S33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  34. Ardkapan, S.R.; Nielsen, P.V.; Afshari, A. Studying passive ultrafine particle dispersion in a room with a heat source. Build. Environ. 2014, 71, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  35. Logue, J.M.; Price, P.N.; Sherman, M.H.; Singer, B.C. A method to estimate the chronic health impact of air pollutants in U.S. residences. Environ. Health Perspect. 2012, 120, 216–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Penttinen, P.; Timonen, K.L.; Tiittanen, P.; Mirme, A.; Ruuskanen, J.; Pekkanen, J. Ultrafine particles in urban air and respiratory health among adult asthmatics. Eur. Respir. J. 2001, 17, 428–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Stephenson, D.; Seshadri, G.; Veranth, J.M. Workplace exposure to submicron particle mass and number concentrations from manual arc welding of carbon steel. AIHA J. 2003, 64, 516–521. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Ward, T.; Noonan, C. Results of residential PM2.5 sampling program before and after woodstove changeout. Indoor Air 2008, 18, 408–415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  39. Noonan, C.W.; Navidi, W.; Sheppard, L.; Palmer, C.P.; Bergauff, M.; Hooper, K.; Ward, J. Residential indoor PM2.5 in wood stove homes: Follow-up of the Libby changeout program. Indoor Air 2012, 22, 492–500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  40. McNamara, M.; Thornburg, J.; Semmens, E.; Ward, T.; Noonan, C. Coarse particulate matter and airborne endotoxin within wood stove homes. Indoor Air 2013, 23, 498–505. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  41. Carvalho, L.; Wopienka, E.; Pointnera, C.; Lundgren, J.; Verm, V.K.; Haslinger, W.; Schmidl, C. Performance of a pellet boiler fired with agricultural fuels. Appl. Energy 2013, 104, 286–296. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Jalava, P.I.; Salonen, R.O.; Nuutinen, K.; Pennanen, A.S.; Happo, M.S.; Tissari, J.; Frey, A.; Hillamo, R.; Jokiniemi, J.; Hirvonen, M.R. Effect of combustion condition on cytotoxic and inflammatory activity of residential wood combustion particles. Atmos. Environ. 2010, 44, 1691–1698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Bruno, P.; Caselli, M.; de Gennaro, G.; Tutino, M. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in particulate matter collected with low volume samplers. Talanta 2007, 72, 1357–1361. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  44. Viana, M.; López, J.M.; Querol, X.; Alastuey, A.; García-Gacio, D.; Blanco-Heras, G.; López-Mahía, P.; Piñeiro-Iglesias, M.; Saenz, M.J.; Sanz, F.; et al. Tracers and impact of open burning of rice straw residues on PM in Eastern Spain. Atmos. Environ. 2008, 42, 1941–1957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  45. Huang, L.; Wang, K.; Yuan, C.S.; Wang, G. Study on the seasonal variation and source apportionment of PM10 in Harbin, China. Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 2010, 10, 86–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  46. Hays, M.D.; Fine, P.M.; Geron, C.D.; Kleeman, M.J.; Gullet, B.K. Open burning of agricultural biomass: Physical and chemical properties of particle-phase emissions. Atmos. Environ. 2005, 39, 6747–6764. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Dambruoso, P.R.; de Gennaro, G.; di Gilio, A.; Tutino, M. The impact on infield biomass burning on PM levels and its chemical composition. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2014, 21, 13175–13185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  48. Nazaroff, W.W. Indoor particle dynamics. Indoor Air 2004, 14, 175–183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  49. Spilak, M.P.; Boor, B.E.; Novosela, A.; Corsi, R.L. Impact of bedding arrangements, pillows, and blankets on particle resuspension in the sleep microenvironment. Build. Environ. 2014, 81, 60–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Spilak, M.P.; Frederiksen, M.; Kolarik, B.; Gunnarsen, L. Exposure to ultrafine particles in relation to indoor events and dwelling characteristics. Build. Environ. 2014, 74, 65–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Wallace, L.A.; Emmerich, S.J.; Howard-Reed, C. Source strengths of ultrafine and fine particles due to cooking with a gas stove. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2004, 38, 2304–2311. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  52. Buonanno, G.; Morawska, L.; Stabile, L. Particle emission factors during cooking activities. Atmos. Environ. 2009, 43, 3235–3242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  53. Zhang, Q.; Gangupomu, R.H.; Ramirez, D.; Zhu, Y. Measurement of ultrafine particles and other air pollutants emitted by cooking activities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2010, 7, 1744–1759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

De Gennaro, G.; Dambruoso, P.R.; Di Gilio, A.; Di Palma, V.; Marzocca, A.; Tutino, M. Discontinuous and Continuous Indoor Air Quality Monitoring in Homes with Fireplaces or Wood Stoves as Heating System. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010078

AMA Style

De Gennaro G, Dambruoso PR, Di Gilio A, Di Palma V, Marzocca A, Tutino M. Discontinuous and Continuous Indoor Air Quality Monitoring in Homes with Fireplaces or Wood Stoves as Heating System. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(1):78. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010078

Chicago/Turabian Style

De Gennaro, Gianluigi, Paolo Rosario Dambruoso, Alessia Di Gilio, Valerio Di Palma, Annalisa Marzocca, and Maria Tutino. 2016. "Discontinuous and Continuous Indoor Air Quality Monitoring in Homes with Fireplaces or Wood Stoves as Heating System" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 1: 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010078

APA Style

De Gennaro, G., Dambruoso, P. R., Di Gilio, A., Di Palma, V., Marzocca, A., & Tutino, M. (2016). Discontinuous and Continuous Indoor Air Quality Monitoring in Homes with Fireplaces or Wood Stoves as Heating System. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(1), 78. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13010078

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop