Associations between Body Mass Index and Visual Impairment of School Students in Central China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Data Collection and Measurements
2.3. Quality Control
2.4. Data Analysis
2.5. Ethical Issues
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Underweight | Normal | Overweight | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1733) | (n = 1653) | (n = 385) | ||
Age (years) | 9.97 (2.52) | 12.89 (3.09) | 13.48 (3.00) | <0.001 |
Male (%) | 848 (48.93) | 930 (56.26) | 233 (60.52) | <0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 16.14 (1.33) | 20.86 (1.67) | 27.01 (2.53) | <0.001 |
Urban (%) | 948 (54.70) | 1002 (60.62) | 236 (61.30) | <0.001 |
Visual Impairment (%) | 309 (17.80) | 173 (10.50) | 247 (64.20) | <0.001 |
Average to high (%) | 1066 (61.51) | 1081 (65.40) | 257 (66.75) | <0.001 |
Key schools (%) | 555 (32.03) | 684 (41.37) | 167 (43.38) | <0.001 |
High school students (%) | 77 (4.44) | 445 (29.92) | 126 (32.73) | <0.001 |
Outdoor activity (h) | 1.93 (1.06) | 1.88 (1.02) | 1.05 (0.64) | <0.001 |
≥1 h homework | 1067 (61.70) | 989 (59.83) | 267 (69.35) | <0.001 |
>¥5,000 Monthly income (%) | 619 (35.72) | 550 (33.27) | 144 (37.40) | 0.460 |
Doing homework during recess (%) | 481 (27.76) | 434 (26.26) | 109 (28.31) | 0.005 |
Starting reading age (years) | 3.64 (1.27) | 3.60 (1.19) | 3.57 (1.28) | 0.492 |
Weekend tutoring (%) | 417 (24.06) | 366 (22.14) | 101 (26.23) | 0.165 |
<8 Sleep hours/day | 538 (31.04) | 508 (30.73) | 127 (32.99) | 0.688 |
Control TV and computer use (%) | 958 (55.28) | 915 (55.35) | 221 (57.40) | 0.737 |
BMI Category | Count | VI Prevalence | Non-Adjusted Model | Model I b | Model II c |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(VI) | (%) | (95% CI LL, UL) a | (95% CI LL, UL) | (95% CI LL, UL) | |
Underweight | 1733 (309) | 17.80 | 1.86 (1.52, 2.27) | 1.61 (1.29, 2.01) | 1.95 (1.52, 2.50) |
Normal | 1653 (173) | 10.50 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Overweight/Obese | 385 (247) | 64.20 | 15.31 (11.79, 19.88) | 16.16 (12.37, 21.09) | 8.32 (6.13, 11.30) |
p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
BMI Categories | Counts | VI Prevalence | Non-Adjusted Model | Model I a | Model II b |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(VI) | (%) | (95% CI LL, UL) | (95% CI LL, UL) | (95% CI LL, UL) | |
Primary School | |||||
Underweight | 1469 (268) | 18.20 | 1.23 (0.98, 1.55) | 1.16 (0.91, 1.47) | 1.42 (1.07, 1.89) |
Normal | 828 (127) | 15.30 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Overweight/Obese | 159 (74) | 46.50 | 4.81 (3.34, 6.92) | 4.88 (3.37, 7.06) | 2.73 (1.79, 4.18) |
p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Junior High School | |||||
Underweight | 187 (24) | 12.80 | 1.36 (0.79, 2.36) | 1.33 (0.76, 2.34) | 1.64 (0.82, 3.29) |
Normal | 380 (37) | 9.70 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Overweight/Obese | 100 (79) | 79.00 | 34.87 (19.36, 62.83) | 37.35 (20.32, 68.65) | 22.93 (10.68, 49.25) |
p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Senior High School | |||||
Underweight | 77 (17) | 22.10 | 13.73 (5.86, 32.17) | 15.39 (6.42, 36.86) | 18.62 (6.86, 50.54) |
Normal | 445 (9) | 2.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Overweight/Obese | 126 (94) | 74.60 | 142.31 (65.73, 308.07) | 159.9 (71.57, 357.26) | 98.04 (39.44, 243.68) |
p Value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
BMI | Crude β/OR (95% CI) | p Value | Adjusted β/OR (95% CI) * | p Value * |
---|---|---|---|---|
<20.41 | 0.92 (0.88, 0.96) | 0.0002 | ||
≥20.41 | 1.33 (1.27, 1.38) | <0.0001 | ||
<19.81 | 0.86 (0.80, 0.92) | <0.0001 | ||
≥19.81 | 1.20 (1.15, 1.25) | <0.0001 |
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Yang, F.; Yang, C.; Liu, Y.; Peng, S.; Liu, B.; Gao, X.; Tan, X. Associations between Body Mass Index and Visual Impairment of School Students in Central China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101024
Yang F, Yang C, Liu Y, Peng S, Liu B, Gao X, Tan X. Associations between Body Mass Index and Visual Impairment of School Students in Central China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(10):1024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101024
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Fen, Chongming Yang, Yuzhong Liu, Shuzhen Peng, Bei Liu, Xudong Gao, and Xiaodong Tan. 2016. "Associations between Body Mass Index and Visual Impairment of School Students in Central China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 10: 1024. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101024