Socioeconomic Inequalities and Multi-Disability among the Population Aged 15–64 Years from 1987 to 2006 in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Ethical Statement
2.3. Interviewing Procedures and Data Quality
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Disability Type | Survey Question | Definition |
---|---|---|
Visual | Do you or your family members have visual problems? | Visual disability refers to poor vision or constriction of the visual field in both eyes from any cause and is not correctable. It consists of two categories: Blindness and weak vision. |
Hearing and speech | Do you or your family members have hearing or speech problems? | Hearing disability refers to permanent hearing loss of varying degrees from any cause or the inability to hear at all or to hear clearly any nearby sound or voice. These deficits affect daily life and social activities. Speech disability refers to any type of language disorder. Because successful treatment takes more than 1 year and the disability is generally present for more than 2 years, the patient cannot take part in normal language exchanges, which undermines his or her daily life and participation in social activities. |
Physical | Do you or your family members have any difficulty walking, standing, squatting, climbing the stairs, grasping, washing and rinsing, or dressing? | Physical disability refers to a loss of motor function of varying degrees or to limitations in movements or activities resulting from deformed limbs or body paralysis (palsy) or from deformity caused by damage to the structure or function of those body parts involved in mobility. |
Intellectual | Do you or your family members have any difficulty studying? | Intellectual disability refers to lower than normal intellectual ability and is accompanied by adaptive behavior disorders. This kind of disability results from impairment of the structure and functions of the nervous system, limits individual activity and participation, and requires all-round, extensive, limited, or intermittent support. |
Mental | Are you or your family members forgetful? Or do you have difficulty concentrating? Or can you not control your moods? Or do you have strange behavior that is out of the ordinary? Or are you addicted to alcohol or drugs? | Mental disability refers to psychiatric disorders lasting more than 1 year that manifest as cognitive, affective, and behavior disorders affecting the daily life and social participation of the patient. |
Age Groups (Years) | 1987 | 2006 |
---|---|---|
Weighted Sample Size, n (%) | Weighted Sample Size, n (%) | |
60–64 | 30,159,817 (4.5) | 54,198,921 (5.8) |
55–59 | 37,727,881 (5.6) | 73,812,498 (8.0) |
50–54 | 43,974,140 (6.6) | 99,313,597 (10.7) |
45–49 | 45,323,215 (6.8) | 86,458,080 (9.3) |
40–44 | 50,246,799 (7.5) | 117,955,746 (12.7) |
35–39 | 67,428,705 (10.1) | 124,648,044 (13.4) |
30–34 | 86,717,556 (12.9) | 106,183,740 (11.4) |
25–29 | 69,689,449 (10.4) | 79,950,588 (8.6) |
20–24 | 115,229,729 (17.2) | 74,541,801 (8.0) |
15–19 | 124,302,057 (18.5) | 110,314,115 (11.9) |
p (1987 vs. 2006) | <0.01 | |
Gender | ||
Male | 337,122,104 (50.3) | 466,563,760 (50.3) |
Female | 333,677,243 (49.7) | 460,813,370 (49.7) |
p (1987 vs. 2006) | 0.39 | |
Residence, % | ||
Urban | 202,323,830 (30.2) | 297,549,946 (32.1) |
Rural | 468,475,517 (69.8) | 629,827,185 (67.9) |
p (1987 vs. 2006) | 0.07 | |
Ethnicity, % | ||
Han | 616,920,610 (92.0) | 839,420,958 (90.5) |
Others | 53,878,737 (8.0) | 87,956,172 (9.5) |
p (1987 vs. 2006) | 0.003 | |
Education, % | ||
Junior high school and above | 269,298,712 (40.1) | 581,462,856 (62.7) |
Primary school | 218,900,503 (32.6) | 254,587,511 (27.5) |
Never attended school | 182,600,132 (27.2) | 91,326,764 (9.8) |
p (1987 vs. 2006) | <0.01 | |
Marital status, % | ||
Married | 45,734,448 (68.1) | 709,249,061 (76.5) |
Divorced or widowed | 22,545,344 (3.4) | 32,425,867 (3.5) |
Never married | 190,909,555 (28.5) | 185,702,203 (20.0) |
p (1987 vs. 2006) | <0.01 | |
Household size | ||
1–3 | 141,391,883 (21.1) | 422,825,807 (45.6) |
4–6 | 404,126,746 (60.2) | 464,977,622 (50.1) |
7–9 | 125,280,718 (18.7) | 39,573,702 (4.3) |
p (1987 vs. 2006) | <0.01 | |
Living arrangement | ||
Living with others | 664,348,720 (99.0) | 908,678,415 (98.0) |
Living alone | 6,450,627 (1.0) | 18,698,715 (2.0) |
p (1987 vs. 2006) | <0.01 | |
Currently employed, % | ||
Yes | 534,142,450 (79.6) | 710,108,470 (76.6) |
No | 136,656,897 (20.4) | 217,268,660 (23.4) |
p (1987 vs. 2006) | <0.01 |
Characteristics of the Survey Population | Reference | OR (95% CI), 1987 | OR (95% CI), 2006 |
---|---|---|---|
Age groups (years) | |||
60–64 | No | 3.70 (3.37–4.05) | 2.40 (2.26–2.55) |
55–59 | No | 1.92 (1.73–2.12) | 1.57 (1.48–1.68) |
50–54 | No | 1.05 (0.93–1.19) | 1.23 (1.16–1.31) |
45–49 | No | 1.07 (0.94–1.21) | 0.96 (0.90–1.03) |
40–44 | No | 0.98 (0.87–1.11) | 0.83 (0.77–0.88) |
35–39 | No | 1.14 (1.02–1.29) | 0.74 (0.69–0.79) |
30–34 | No | 0.80 (0.71–0.89) | 0.76 (0.71–0.82) |
25–29 | No | 0.58 (0.51–0.66) | 0.81 (0.75–0.88) |
20–24 | No | 0.74 (0.66–0.82) | 0.94 (0.87–1.01) |
15–19 | No | 0.61 (0.55–0.68) | 0.69 (0.64–0.75) |
Gender | Male | 0.87 (0.81–0.92) | 0.81 (0.78–0.85) |
Residence | Urban | 1.47 (1.34–1.62) | 1.74 (1.63–1.85) |
Ethnicity | Han | 1.27 (1.09–1.49) | 1.32 (1.22–1.43) |
Education | |||
Junior high school and above | No | 0.07 (0.06–0.08) | 0.10 (0.09–0.11) |
Primary school | No | 0.30 (0.27–0.34) | 0.83 (0.79–0.87) |
Never attended school | No | 12.75 (11.66–13.95) | 14.90 (14.22–15.61) |
Marital status | |||
Married | No | 0.39 (0.36–0.41) | 0.31 (0.30–0.32) |
Divorced or widowed | No | 3.15 (2.83–3.51) | 2.25 (2.09–2.42) |
Never married | No | 2.05 (1.91–2.20) | 2.93 (2.81–3.06) |
Household size | |||
1–3 | No | 1.48 (1.37–1.59) | 1.11 (1.06–1.16) |
4–6 | No | 0.77 (0.73–0.83) | 0.87 (0.83–0.90) |
7–9 | No | 0.93 (0.86–1.02) | 1.26 (1.14–1.38) |
Living arrangement | Living with others | 4.09 (3.43–4.87) | 2.81 (2.56–3.08) |
Currently employed | Yes | 9.11 (0.43–9.84) | 6.21 (5.94–6.50) |
1987 and 2006 Year | Reference | OR (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|---|
Investigation year | 1987 | 2006 | 2.96 (2.79–3.14) |
Age group (years) | 60–64 | 55–59 | 0.98 (0.92–1.06) |
50–54 | 1.06 (0.98–1.14) | ||
45–49 | 1.44 (1.33–1.56) | ||
40–44 | 1.96 (1.80–2.14) | ||
35–39 | 1.80 (1.64–1.96) | ||
30–34 | 1.69 (1.54–1.85) | ||
25–29 | 1.56 (1.41–1.73) | ||
20–24 | 1.16 (1.03–1.30) | ||
15–19 | 0.37 (0.32–0.41) | ||
Gender | Male | Female | 0.44 (0.42–0.46) |
Residence | Urban | Rural | 1.15 (1.09–1.22) |
Ethnicity | Han | Others | 1.08 (1.00–1.16) |
Education | High school and above | Primary school | 6.94 (6.43–7.51) |
Never attended school | 45.67 (41.89–49.79) | ||
Marital status | Married | Divorced or widowed | 1.49 (1.39–1.59) |
Never married | 6.72 (6.27–7.19) | ||
Household size | 1–3 | 4–6 | 0.89 (0.85–0.92) |
7–9 | 0.85 (0.78–0.91) | ||
Living arrangement | Living with others | Living alone | 0.62 (0.56–0.69) |
Currently employed | Yes | No | 8.53 (8.13–8.95) |
1987 | |||
Age group (years) | 60–64 | 55–59 | 0.87 (0.76–0.99) |
50–54 | 0.79 (0.67–0.92) | ||
45–49 | 1.48 (1.27–1.73) | ||
40–44 | 2.06 (1.75–2.42) | ||
35–39 | 2.57 (2.18–3.03) | ||
30–34 | 2.00 (1.70–2.36) | ||
25–29 | 1.67 (1.39–2.01) | ||
20–24 | 1.28 (1.04–1.56) | ||
15–19 | 0.29 (0.23–0.36) | ||
Gender | Male | Female | 0.27 (0.25–0.30) |
Residence | Urban | Rural | 1.08 (0.98–1.20) |
Ethnicity | Han | Others | 1.29 (1.10–1.51) |
Education | High school and above | Primary school | 7.94 (6.60–9.54) |
Never attended school | 79.49 (64.57–97.86) | ||
Marital status | Married | Divorced or widowed | 1.72 (1.52–1.96) |
Never married | 15.72 (13.83–17.87) | ||
Household size | 1–3 | 4–6 | 0.77 (0.71–0.84) |
7–9 | 0.69 (0.62–0.78) | ||
Living arrangement | Living with others | Living alone | 0.46 (0.37–0.57) |
Currently employed | Yes | No | 18.88 (16.99–20.99) |
2006 | |||
Age group (years) | 60–64 | 55–59 | 1.08 (0.99–1.17) |
50–54 | 1.23 (1.13–1.34) | ||
45–49 | 1.57 (1.42–1.73) | ||
40–44 | 2.12 (1.92–2.34) | ||
35–39 | 1.72 (1.56–1.90) | ||
30–34 | 1.80 (1.62–2.01) | ||
25–29 | 1.76 (1.56–1.99) | ||
20–24 | 1.16 (1.02–1.33) | ||
15–19 | 0.41 (0.35–0.47) | ||
Gender | Male | Female | 0.50 (0.48–0.53) |
Residence | Urban | Rural | 1.19 (1.11–1.23) |
Ethnicity | Han | Others | 1.01 (0.94–1.10) |
Education | High school and above | Primary school | 6.47 (5.93–7.07) |
Never attended school | 39.70 (36.12–43.63) | ||
Marital status | Married | Divorced or widowed | 1.39 (1.28–1.51) |
Never married | 5.14 (4.75–5.56) | ||
Household size | 1–3 | 4–6 | 0.95 (0.90–0.99) |
7–9 | 0.97 (0.87–1.08) | ||
Living arrangement | Living with others | Living alone | 0.70 (0.62–0.78) |
Currently employed | Yes | No | 7.44 (7.02–7.88) |
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Wang, Z.; Chen, G.; Guo, C.; Pang, L.; Zheng, X. Socioeconomic Inequalities and Multi-Disability among the Population Aged 15–64 Years from 1987 to 2006 in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101033
Wang Z, Chen G, Guo C, Pang L, Zheng X. Socioeconomic Inequalities and Multi-Disability among the Population Aged 15–64 Years from 1987 to 2006 in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(10):1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101033
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Zhenjie, Gong Chen, Chao Guo, Lihua Pang, and Xiaoying Zheng. 2016. "Socioeconomic Inequalities and Multi-Disability among the Population Aged 15–64 Years from 1987 to 2006 in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 10: 1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13101033