Metabolic Syndrome and Serum Liver Enzymes in the General Chinese Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Blood Pressure Measurements
2.4. Anthropometric Measurements
2.5. Biochemical Measurements
2.6. Elevated Liver Enzymes Definition
2.7. Metabolic Syndrome Criteria
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CNY | China Yuan |
CVD | cardiovascular disease |
SBP | systolic blood pressure |
DBP | diastolic blood pressure |
WC | waist circumference |
BMI | body mass index |
TC | total cholesterol |
TG | triacylglycerol |
HDL-C | high-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
LDL-C | low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
FPG | fasting plasma glucose |
ALT | alanine aminotransferase |
AST | aspartate aminotransferase |
GGT | gamma-glutamyl transferase |
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Variables | Mets | Non-Mets | p-Value | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 4849) | (n = 6724) | (n = 11,573) | ||
Age, year | 55.5 ± 10.2 | 52.7 ± 10.6 | <0.001 * | 53.8 ± 10.6 |
Male, % | 2003 (41.3) | 3355 (49.9) | <0.001 * | 5357 (46.3) |
Race (Han), % | 4616 (95.2) | 6361 (94.6) | 0.136 | 10,968 (94.8) |
Current smoking status, % | 1508 (31.1) | 2589 (38.5) | <0.001 * | 4086 (35.3) |
Current drinking status, % | 975 (20.1) | 1647 (24.5) | <0.001 * | 2617 (22.6) |
Education, % | <0.001 * | |||
Primary school or below | 2643 (54.5) | 3127 (46.5) | 5763 (49.8) | |
Middle school | 1750 (36.1) | 2965 (44.1) | 4717 (40.8) | |
High school or above | 456 (9.4) | 632 (9.4) | 1093 (9.4) | |
Physical activity, % | <0.001 * | |||
Low | 1673 (34.5) | 1768 (26.3) | 3441 (29.7) | |
Moderate | 2871 (59.2) | 4606 (68.5) | 7479 (64.7) | |
High | 305 (6.3) | 350 (5.2) | 653 (5.6) | |
Family income, CNY/year, % | 0.249 | |||
≤5000 | 635 (13.1) | 807 (12.0) | 1441 (12.5) | |
5000–20,000 | 2619 (54.0) | 3685 (54.8) | 6306 (54.5) | |
>20,000 | 1595 (32.9) | 2232 (33.2) | 3826 (33.0) | |
History of CVD, % | 946 (19.5) | 800 (11.9) | <0.001 * | 1712 (15.1) |
SBP, mm Hg | 150.6 ± 22.6 | 135.6 ± 22.0 | <0.001 * | 141.8 ± 23.5 |
DBP, mm Hg | 86.1 ± 11.6 | 79.2 ± 11.0 | <0.001 * | 82.1 ± 11.8 |
WC, cm | 88.5 ± 8.3 | 78.1 ± 8.4 | <0.001 * | 82.4 ± 9.8 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 26.8 ± 3.4 | 23.4 ± 3.2 | <0.001 * | 24.8 ± 3.7 |
TC, mmol/L | 5.5 ± 1.2 | 5.1 ± 1.0 | <0.001 * | 5.2 ± 1.1 |
TG, mmol/L | 2.3 ± 1.9 | 1.1 ± 0.8 | <0.001 * | 1.6 ± 1.5 |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | <0.001 * | 1.4 ± 0.4 |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | <0.001 * | 2.9 ± 0.8 |
FPG, mmol/L | 6.5 ± 2.1 | 5.5 ± 1.0 | <0.001 * | 5.9 ± 1.6 |
ALT, U/L | 25.3 ± 18.0 | 20.4 ± 18.5 | <0.001 * | 22.5 ± 18.4 |
AST, U/L | 22.6 ± 11.7 | 21.8 ± 12.2 | 0.001 # | 22.1 ± 12.0 |
Variables | Normal ALT | Elevated ALT | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | |||
Metabolic syndrome, % | 979 (30.9) | 780 (36.1) | 1149 (42.5) | 1376 (52.4) | 536 (62.6) | <0.001 * |
ALT, U/L | 11.4 ± 2.2 | 15.9 ± 0.9 | 20.2 ± 1.7 | 29.5 ± 4.7 | 65.6 ± 43.4 | <0.001 * |
Age, year | 54.8 ± 11.9 | 54.3 ± 10.8 | 54.1 ± 9.8 | 52.9 ± 9.5 | 51.0 ± 9.4 | <0.001 * |
Male, % | 1028 (32.2) | 864 (39.9) | 1348 (49.6) | 1554 (58.9) | 563 (65.5) | <0.001 * |
Race (Han), % | 3056 (95.8) | 2049 (94.5) | 2551 (93.9) | 2492 (94.5) | 820 (95.3) | 0.020 # |
Current smoking status, % | 1026 (32.2) | 732 (33.8) | 994 (36.6) | 1005 (38.1) | 329 (38.3) | <0.001 * |
Current drinking status, % | 497 (15.6) | 423 (19.5) | 681 (25.1) | 732 (27.7) | 284 (33.0) | <0.001 * |
High school or above, % | 280 (8.8) | 180 (8.3) | 257 (9.5) | 280 (10.6) | 96 (11.2) | <0.001 * |
High Physical activity, % | 177 (5.5) | 128 (5.9) | 142 (5.2) | 162 (6.1) | 44 (5.1) | <0.001 * |
Family income >20,000 CNY/year, % | 1057 (33.1) | 662 (30.5) | 893 (32.9) | 870 (33.0) | 344 (40.0) | <0.001 * |
History of CVD, % | 474 (15.2) | 320 (15.1) | 398 (14.9) | 410 (15.8) | 110 (13.1) | 0.440 |
SBP, mmHg | 138.5 ± 23.9 | 141.6 ± 23.8 | 142.7 ± 23.6 | 143.9 ± 22.5 | 144.8 ± 22.1 | <0.001 * |
DBP, mmHg | 79.7 ± 11.5 | 81.2 ± 11.8 | 82.3 ± 11.6 | 84.0 ± 11.6 | 85.9 ± 12.0 | <0.001 * |
WC, cm | 78.7 ± 8.9 | 80.9 ± 9.0 | 83.1 ± 9.5 | 85.8 ± 9.7 | 88.0 ± 10.1 | <0.001 * |
BMI, kg/m2 | 23.5 ± 3.2 | 24.4 ± 3.5 | 25.0 ± 3.5 | 25.9 ± 3.7 | 26.7 ± 4.2 | <0.001 * |
TC, mmol/L | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 5.5 ± 1.3 | <0.001 * |
TG, mmol/L | 1.3 ± 1.0 | 1.4 ± 1.1 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | 2.0 ± 1.8 | 2.3 ± 2.1 | <0.001 * |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | <0.001 * |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 0.9 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | <0.001 * |
FPG, mmol/L | 5.7 ± 1.5 | 5.8 ± 1.7 | 5.9 ± 1.5 | 6.1 ± 1.6 | 6.1 ± 1.8 | <0.001 * |
Variables | Normal AST | Elevated AST | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | |||
Metabolic syndrome, % | 1384 (41.5) | 1150 (39.8) | 848 (39.6) | 1229 (44.9) | 209 (51.5) | <0.001 * |
AST, U/L | 15.2 ± 1.7 | 18.9 ± 0.8 | 21.8 ± 0.9 | 28.0 ± 4.0 | 64.6 ± 37.6 | <0.001 * |
Age, year | 52.2 ± 10.7 | 54.3 ± 10.7 | 55.0 ± 10.4 | 54.6 ± 10.3 | 52.4 ± 10.0 | <0.001 * |
Male, % | 1157 (34.4) | 1218 (42.0) | 1057 (49.1) | 1642 (59.6) | 283 (69.5) | <0.001 * |
Race (Han), % | 3232 (96.2) | 2764 (95.3) | 2025 (94.0) | 2572 (93.4) | 375 (92.1) | <0.001 * |
Current smoking status, % | 1059 (31.5) | 999 (34.5) | 773 (35.9) | 1060 (38.5) | 195 (47.9) | <0.001 * |
Current drinking status, % | 449 (13.4) | 565 (19.5) | 491 (22.8) | 926 (33.6) | 186 (45.7) | <0.001 * |
High school or above, % | 326 (9.7) | 260 (9.0) | 205 (9.5) | 264 (9.6) | 38 (9.3) | 0.094 |
High Physical activity, % | 199 (5.9) | 156 (5.4) | 136 (6.3) | 146 (5.3) | 16 (3.9) | 0.001 # |
Family income>20,000 CNY/year, % | 1250 (37.2) | 958 (33.0) | 664 (30.8) | 820 (29.8) | 134 (32.9) | <0.001 * |
History of CVD, % | 484 (14.7) | 461 (16.2) | 312 (14.8) | 410 (15.2) | 45 (11.4) | 0.103 |
SBP, mm Hg | 136.7 ± 22.2 | 140.7 ± 23.0 | 144.1 ± 23.9 | 146.6 ± 22.7 | 146.4 ± 23.8 | <0.001 * |
DBP, mm Hg | 80.3 ± 11.4 | 81.4 ± 11.6 | 82.5 ± 11.7 | 83.9 ± 11.9 | 86.2 ± 12.4 | <0.001 * |
WC, cm | 81.3 ± 9.4 | 81.7 ± 9.4 | 82.5 ± 10.1 | 84.1 ± 10.2 | 84.9 ± 10.4 | <0.001 * |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.5 ± 3.4 | 24.6 ± 3.7 | 24.7 ± 3.6 | 25.3 ± 3.8 | 25.3 ± 4.6 | <0.001 * |
TC, mmol/L | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 5.2 ± 1.0 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 1.1 | 5.4 ± 1.5 | <0.001 * |
TG, mmol/L | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.5 ± 1.2 | 1.6 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 1.7 | 2.3 ± 2.1 | <0.001 * |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.3 | <0.001 * |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 2.9 ± 1.0 | 3.0 ± 0.9 | <0.001 * |
FPG, mmol/L | 6.1 ± 2.1 | 5.8 ± 1.4 | 5.8 ± 1.4 | 5.8 ± 1.3 | 6.2 ± 1.9 | <0.001 * |
Aminotransferase Levels | OR | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Normal ALT | |||
Quartile 1 | 1 | —— | <0.001 * |
Quartile 2 | 1.113 | 1.019–1.280 | 0.049 # |
Quartile 3 | 1.375 | 1.212–1.560 | <0.001 * |
Quartile 4 | 1.878 | 1.650–2.138 | <0.001 * |
Elevated ALT | 3.020 | 2.496–3.653 | <0.001 * |
Normal AST | |||
Quartile 1 | 1 | —— | <0.001 * |
Quartile 2 | 0.852 | 0.756–0.959 | 0.008 # |
Quartile 3 | 0.813 | 0.713–0.926 | 0.002 # |
Quartile 4 | 0.955 | 0.844–1.080 | 0.463 |
Elevated AST | 1.689 | 1.314–2.171 | <0.001 * |
Variables | ALT | AST | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pearson’s Coefficients | p-Value | Pearson’s Coefficients | p-Value | |
BMI | 0.178 | <0.001 * | 0.038 | <0.001 * |
WC | 0.201 | <0.001 * | 0.071 | <0.001 * |
SBP | 0.047 | <0.001 * | 0.089 | <0.001 * |
DBP | 0.111 | <0.001 * | 0.098 | <0.001 * |
TG | 0.153 | <0.001 * | 0.09 | <0.001 * |
HDL-C | −0.032 | 0.001 # | 0.139 | 0.223 |
FPG | 0.055 | <0.001 * | 0.001 | 0.955 |
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Chen, S.; Guo, X.; Yu, S.; Zhou, Y.; Li, Z.; Sun, Y. Metabolic Syndrome and Serum Liver Enzymes in the General Chinese Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020223
Chen S, Guo X, Yu S, Zhou Y, Li Z, Sun Y. Metabolic Syndrome and Serum Liver Enzymes in the General Chinese Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(2):223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020223
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Shuang, Xiaofan Guo, Shasha Yu, Ying Zhou, Zhao Li, and Yingxian Sun. 2016. "Metabolic Syndrome and Serum Liver Enzymes in the General Chinese Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 2: 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13020223