Adolescent Overweight and Obesity: Links to Socioeconomic Status and Fruit and Vegetable Intakes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Ethical Considerations
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ General Characteristics
3.2. Crude Associations of Sociodemographic and Behavioral Characteristics with Overweight/Obesity
3.3. Testing of Four Hypotheses: Associations among SES, F/V Intakes, and Overweight/Obesity
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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n (Weighted %), Mean (SE) | t/χ2 | p | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Girls | Boys | ||||||
(n = 31,343) | (n = 31,768) | |||||||
Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||||||
Age | 14.8 | (0.05) | 14.9 | (0.06) | 14.7 | (0.07) | 1.54 | <0.001 |
School type | 7.24 | 0.518 | ||||||
Middle | 31,894 | (53.5) | 16,102 | (54.0) | 15,792 | (52.9) | ||
High | 31,217 | (46.5) | 15,241 | (46.0) | 15,976 | (47.1) | ||
Learning achievement | 151.85 | <0.001 | ||||||
High | 7057 | (11.5) | 3086 | (9.9) | 3971 | (13.0) | ||
Low | 56,054 | (88.5) | 28,257 | (90.1) | 27,797 | (87.0) | ||
Residental setting | 74.67 | 0.166 | ||||||
City | 55,717 | (89.2) | 27,925 | (90.3) | 27,792 | (88.2) | ||
Rural | 7394 | (10.8) | 3418 | (9.7) | 3976 | (11.8) | ||
Living arrangement | 30.47 | 0.023 | ||||||
With family | 60,607 | (96.3) | 30,201 | (96.7) | 30,406 | (95.9) | ||
Without family | 2504 | (3.7) | 1142 | (3.3) | 1362 | (4.1) | ||
Parents’ nationality | 0.001 | 0.976 | ||||||
Korean | 62,460 | (99.0) | 31,010 | (99.0) | 31,450 | (99.0) | ||
Foreign | 651 | (1.0) | 333 | (1.0) | 318 | (1.0) | ||
SES | 16.90 | 0.026 | ||||||
High | 55,685 | (88.6) | 27,520 | (88.1) | 28,165 | (89.1) | ||
Low | 7426 | (11.4) | 3826 | (11.9) | 3603 | (10.9) | ||
Behavioral characteristics | ||||||||
F/V intakes (per day) 1 | 11.61 | 0.004 | ||||||
Low | 59,695 | (94.5) | 29,728 | (94.8) | 29,967 | (94.2) | ||
High | 3416 | (5.5) | 1615 | (5.2) | 1801 | (5.8) | ||
Fast-food intakes | 4.09 | 0.146 | ||||||
Ever-consuming | 43,530 | (68.9) | 21,484 | (68.5) | 22,046 | (69.2) | ||
Never-consuming | 19,581 | (31.1) | 9859 | (31.5) | 9722 | (30.8) | ||
Regular exercise 2 | 1095.37 | <0.001 | ||||||
Low | 60,212 | (95.3) | 30,763 | (98.1) | 29,449 | (92.5) | ||
High | 2899 | (4.7) | 580 | (1.9) | 2319 | (7.5) | ||
Sedentary behavior 3 | 250.57 | <0.001 | ||||||
High | 38,207 | (60.8) | 19,982 | (63.8) | 18,225 | (57.7) | ||
Low | 24,904 | (39.2) | 11,3611 | (36.2) | 13,543 | (42.3) | ||
Anthropometric characteristics | ||||||||
BMI | 43.52 | <0.001 | ||||||
Non-overweight/obese | 54,076 | (85.7) | 27,145 | (86.6) | 26,931 | (84.8) | ||
Overweight/obese | 9035 | (14.3) | 4198 | (13.4) | 4837 | (15.2) |
Characteristics | Girls (n = 31,343) | Boys (n = 31,768) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | (CI) | p | OR | (CI) | p | |
Sociodemographic Characteristics | ||||||
Age (ref: younger) | 0.84 | (0.78–0.91) | <0.001 | 1.07 | (1.00–1.15) | 0.065 |
School type (ref: middle schools) | 1.08 | (1.00–1.17) | 0.045 | 1.06 | (0.98–1.14) | 0.158 |
Residential setting (ref: city) | 1.10 | (1.00–1.22) | 0.066 | 0.95 | (0.83–1.09) | 0.467 |
Living arrangement (ref: with family) | 0.98 | (0.84–1.15) | 0.810 | 0.91 | (0.77–1.08) | 0.282 |
Learning achievement (ref: high) | 1.38 | (1.23–1.54) | <0.001 | 1.22 | (1.11–1.35) | <0.001 |
Parents’ nationality (ref: Korean) | 1.11 | (0.83–1.49) | 0.496 | 0.76 | (0.54–1.07) | 0.115 |
SES (ref: high) | 1.66 | (1.52–1.80) | <0.001 | 1.13 | (1.02–1.25) | 0.020 |
Behavioral Characteristic | ||||||
F/V intakes (ref: low) 1 | 0.84 | (0.71–0.98) | 0.026 | 0.93 | (0.81–1.05) | 0.233 |
Fast-food intakes (ref: never-consuming) | 0.76 | (0.72–0.82) | <0.001 | 0.86 | (0.80–0.92) | <0.001 |
Regular exercise (ref: low) 2 | 1.03 | (0.81–1.31) | 0.798 | 0.79 | (0.69–0.90) | <0.001 |
Sedentary behavior (ref: low) 3 | 1.06 | (1.00–1.13) | 0.071 | 1.04 | (0.97–1.12) | 0.295 |
Variables | Girls 1 | Boys 1 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | p | B | SE | p | |
First equation | ||||||
Outcome: overweight/obesity | ||||||
Predictor: low SES | 0.509 | 0.042 | <0.001 | 0.093 | 0.052 | 0.076 |
Second equation | ||||||
Outcome: F/V intake | ||||||
Predictor: low SES | −0.835 | 0.113 | <0.001 | −0.765 | 0.119 | <0.001 |
Third equation | ||||||
Outcome: overweight /obesity | ||||||
Mediator: F/V intake | −0.171 | 0.082 | 0.038 | −0.040 | 0.068 | 0.554 |
Predictor: low SES | 0.505 | 0.042 | <0.001 | 0.092 | 0.053 | 0.082 |
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You, J.; Choo, J. Adolescent Overweight and Obesity: Links to Socioeconomic Status and Fruit and Vegetable Intakes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030307
You J, Choo J. Adolescent Overweight and Obesity: Links to Socioeconomic Status and Fruit and Vegetable Intakes. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(3):307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030307
Chicago/Turabian StyleYou, Jihyun, and Jina Choo. 2016. "Adolescent Overweight and Obesity: Links to Socioeconomic Status and Fruit and Vegetable Intakes" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 3: 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13030307