Association between Outdoor Fungal Concentrations during Winter and Pulmonary Function in Children with and without Asthma
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Recording of Daily Morning Peak Expiratory Flow
2.3. Measurement of Air Pollutant Levels
2.4. Calculation of Daily Concentrations of Fungi-Associated PM
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. SPM and PM2.5 Levels and the Relationship between SPM, PM2.5, and Fungi
3.3. Peak Expiratory Flow
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CI | confidence interval |
IQR | interquartile range |
NO2 | nitrogen dioxide |
PM | particulate matter |
PEF | peak expiratory flow |
PM10 | particulate matter smaller than 10 micrometer |
PM2.5 | particulate matter smaller than 2.5 micrometer |
SD | standard deviation |
SO2 | sulfur dioxide |
SPM | suspended particulate matter |
References
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Characteristic | All Children (n = 339) | Children with Asthma (n = 36) | Children without Asthma (n = 303) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boy/Girl (number) | 170/167 | 24/12 | 143/158 | |||
Age | ||||||
10-year-old | 42 | (12.4) | 4 | (11.1) | 38 | (12.5) |
11-year-old | 293 | (86.4) | 32 | (88.9) | 261 | (86.1) |
12-year-old | 1 | (0.3) | 0 | (0) | 1 | (1.4) |
Height (cm) | 144.6 | ±7.1 | 143.6 | ±6.0 | 144.6 | ±7.2 |
Weight (kg) | 36.4 | ±7.1 | 37.1 | ±9.6 | 36.3 | ±6.8 |
Allergic diseases, excluding asthma | ||||||
Allergic rhinitis | 54 | (15.9) | 13 | (36.1) | 41 | (13.5) |
Allergic conjunctivitis | 8 | (2.4) | 3 | (8.3) | 5 | (1.7) |
Atopic dermatitis | 26 | (7.7) | 9 | (0.3) | 19 | (6.3) |
Food allergies | 16 | (4.7) | 4 | (11.1) | 12 | (4.0) |
Average peak expiratory flow (L/min) | 314.2 | ±60.7 | 316.9 | ±63.8 | 313.9 | ±60.5 |
All Children (n = 339) | ||||
Exposure metric | IQR | Change in PEF (L/min) | 95% CI | p value |
SPM | 12.0 μg/m3 | −1.36 | −2.93 to 0.22 | NS |
PM2.5 | 10.0 μg/m3 | −1.72 | −3.82 to 0.36 | NS |
Fungi | 46.2 CFU/m3 | −1.18 | −2.27 to −0.08 | 0.036 |
Children with Asthma (n = 36) | ||||
Exposure metric | IQR | Change in PEF (L/min) | 95% CI | p value |
SPM | 12.0 μg/m3 | −1.38 | −2.99 to 0.23 | NS |
PM2.5 | 10.0 μg/m3 | −1.56 | −3.70 to 0.58 | NS |
Fungi | 46.2 CFU/m3 | −1.44 | −2.57 to −0.32 | 0.012 |
Children without Asthma (n = 303) | ||||
Exposure metric | IQR | Change in PEF (L/min) | 95% CI | p value |
SPM | 12.0 μg/m3 | −1.14 | −7.22 to 4.96 | NS |
PM2.5 | 10.0 μg/m3 | −3.41 | −11.72 to 4.91 | NS |
Fungi | 46.2 CFU/m3 | 1.22 | −2.96 to 5.41 | NS |
All Children (n = 339) | |||||
Exposure metric | IQR | Adjustment | Change in PEF (L/min) | 95% CI | p value |
Fungi | 46.2 CFU/m3 | Adjusted for SPM | −1.12 | −2.22 to −0.02 | 0.045 |
Adjusted for PM2.5 | −1.18 | −2.27 to −0.08 | 0.035 | ||
Children with asthma (n = 36) | |||||
Exposure metric | IQR | Adjustment | Change in PEF (L/min) | 95% CI | p value |
Fungi | 46.2 CFU/m3 | Adjusted for SPM | −1.39 | −2.52 to −0.26 | 0.016 |
Adjusted for PM2.5 | −1.45 | −2.57 to −0.32 | 0.012 | ||
Children without asthma (n = 303) | |||||
Exposure metric | IQR | Adjustment | Change in PEF (L/min) | 95% CI | p value |
Fungi | 46.2 CFU/m3 | Adjusted for SPM | 1.28 | −2.91 to 5.48 | NS |
Adjusted for PM2.5 | 1.24 | −2.95 to 5.43 | NS |
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Share and Cite
Watanabe, M.; Noma, H.; Kurai, J.; Hantan, D.; Burioka, N.; Nakamoto, S.; Sano, H.; Taniguchi, J.; Shimizu, E. Association between Outdoor Fungal Concentrations during Winter and Pulmonary Function in Children with and without Asthma. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050452
Watanabe M, Noma H, Kurai J, Hantan D, Burioka N, Nakamoto S, Sano H, Taniguchi J, Shimizu E. Association between Outdoor Fungal Concentrations during Winter and Pulmonary Function in Children with and without Asthma. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(5):452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050452
Chicago/Turabian StyleWatanabe, Masanari, Hisashi Noma, Jun Kurai, Degejirihu Hantan, Naoto Burioka, Sachiko Nakamoto, Hiroyuki Sano, Jumpei Taniguchi, and Eiji Shimizu. 2016. "Association between Outdoor Fungal Concentrations during Winter and Pulmonary Function in Children with and without Asthma" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 5: 452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050452