A Primrose Path? Moderating Effects of Age and Gender in the Association between Green Space and Mental Health
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | n (%) or Mean (s.d.) |
---|---|
Female, n (%) | 3219 (65%) |
Age group 18–24 years, n (%) | 358 (7.3%) |
Age group 25–34 years, n (%) | 779 (15.8%) |
Age group 35–44 years, n (%) | 739 (15.0%) |
Age group 45–54 years, n (%) | 1244 (25.3%) |
Age group 55–64 years, n (%) | 1307 (26.5%) |
Age group 65 or older, n (%) | 497 (10.1%) |
Level of education, mean (s.d.) | 7.0 (1.1) |
Having a partner, n (%) | 3594 (73%) |
Having paid work, n (%) | 3616 (73%) |
Dutch native, n (%) | 4780 (97%) |
Household income (euros/month), mean (s.d.) | 2746 (1038) |
DASS Total, median (IQR) | 13 (19); range 0–126 |
MANSA, mean (s.d.) | 62.4 (8.7); range 12–84 |
Green space in 1 km buffer, mean (s.d.) | 29% (22%); range 0%–98% |
Green space in 3 km buffer, mean (s.d.) | 47% (23%); range 0%–97% |
Independent Variables | 1 km Buffer | 3 km Buffer | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
DASS n = 4765 | MANSA n = 4924 | DASS n = 4765 | MANSA n = 4924 | |
Percentage of green space | −17.7 (11.3) | 5.2 (5.5) | −16.9 (8.1) * | 6.3 (4.5) |
Age group | ||||
18–24 years | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
25–34 years | −2.7 (3.9) | −1.2 (2.3) | −5.7 (4.5) | −0.0 (2.7) |
35–44 years | −0.6 (4.0) | −4.4 (2.3) ~ | −4.2 (4.5) | −3.0 (2.7) |
45–54 years | −2.2 (4.1) | −1.9 (2.3) | −8.0 (4.8) ~ | 1.2 (2.8) |
55–64 years | −6.5 (4.1) | −1.2 (2.3) | −8.8 (4.9) ~ | −0.7 (2.8) |
65 or older | −9.2 (5.1) | 3.5 (2.7) | −7.3 (6.8) | 3.1 (3.6) |
Gender | ||||
Female | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
Male | −2.5 (1.4) | −0.6 (2.7) | −4.7 (1.8) ** | −0.4 (0.9) |
Green space*Age group | ||||
Green space*18–24 years | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
Green space*25–34 years | 22.0 (11.7) ~ | −9.8 (5.6) ~ | 19.5 (8.4) * | −8.2 (4.6)~ |
Green space*35–44 years | 13.9 (11.6) | −0.8 (5.6) | 15.8 (8.3) ~ | −3.3 (4.6) |
Green space*45–54 years | 16.9 (11.9) | −7.1 (5.7) | 21.8 (8.9) * | −10.6 (4.8) * |
Green space*55–64 years | 16.9 (11.9) | −4.5 (5.7) | 14.6 (8.7) ~ | −3.8 (4.8) |
Green space*65 or older | 10.4 (13.1) | −5.5 (6.5) | 2.6 (11.3) | −2.7 (5.9) |
Green space*Gender | ||||
Green space*Female | ref. | ref. | ref. | ref. |
Green space*Male | 3.3 (3.6) | −1.1 (1.8) | 6.7 (3.3) * | −1.2 (1.7) |
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Bos, E.H.; Van der Meulen, L.; Wichers, M.; Jeronimus, B.F. A Primrose Path? Moderating Effects of Age and Gender in the Association between Green Space and Mental Health. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050492
Bos EH, Van der Meulen L, Wichers M, Jeronimus BF. A Primrose Path? Moderating Effects of Age and Gender in the Association between Green Space and Mental Health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(5):492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050492
Chicago/Turabian StyleBos, Elisabeth H., Leon Van der Meulen, Marieke Wichers, and Bertus F. Jeronimus. 2016. "A Primrose Path? Moderating Effects of Age and Gender in the Association between Green Space and Mental Health" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 5: 492. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13050492