The Effect of Seasonal Variations in Airborne Particulate Matter on Asthma-Related Airway Inflammation in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. PM Preparation
2.3. Experimental Protocol
2.4. Bronchoalveolar Lavage
2.5. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Serum Total Immunoglobulin
2.6. Quantitative Evaluation of Cytokine and Chemokine Levels
2.7. Endotoxin Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Co-Sensitization Using PM1 and Df Induced the Greatest Increase in Airway Inflammation
3.2. Co-Sensitization Using PM1 and Df Induced the Greatest Production of Th2 and Inflammatory Cytokines
3.3. Co-Sensitization Using PM1 and Df Provided the Strongest Immune Adjuvant Effects
3.4. Endotoxin Concentrations and pH Values in the PM
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BALF | bronchoalveolar lavage fluid |
Df | Dermatophagoides farina |
EIA | enzyme immunoassay |
IFN | interferon |
IL | interleukin |
KC | keratinocyte-derived chemokine |
MIP | macrophage inflammatory protein |
NS | normal saline |
PM | particulate matter |
PM1 | particulate matter from 7–28 February 2013 |
PM2 | particulate matter from 7–28 April 2013 |
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Kurai, J.; Watanabe, M.; Sano, H.; Hantan, D.; Shimizu, E. The Effect of Seasonal Variations in Airborne Particulate Matter on Asthma-Related Airway Inflammation in Mice. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13060579
Kurai J, Watanabe M, Sano H, Hantan D, Shimizu E. The Effect of Seasonal Variations in Airborne Particulate Matter on Asthma-Related Airway Inflammation in Mice. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(6):579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13060579
Chicago/Turabian StyleKurai, Jun, Masanari Watanabe, Hiroyuki Sano, Degejirihu Hantan, and Eiji Shimizu. 2016. "The Effect of Seasonal Variations in Airborne Particulate Matter on Asthma-Related Airway Inflammation in Mice" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 6: 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13060579