Heavy Metal Distribution in Street Dust from Traditional Markets and the Human Health Implications
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Dust Sampling
2.2. Analysis of Dust Samples
2.3. Statistical Analysis of Heavy Metal Concentrations
2.4. Questionnaire Investigation
2.5. Statistical Analysis for Questionnaire Investigation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Total Elemental Concentrations
3.2. Enrichment Factors of Heavy Metals
3.3. Principal Component and Cluster Analyses
3.4. Relationship between Heavy Metal Concentration in Dust and Human Health
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Samples | Al | Na | Mg | K | Ca | Fe | Mn | Cr | Ni | Cu | Zn | Pb |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(wt %, Mean ± SD) | (mg/kg, Mean ± SD) | |||||||||||
Heavy traffic road | 4.13 ± 0.23 | 6.38 ± 0.47 | 1.39 ± 0.12 | 1.88 ± 0.17 | 6.85 ± 0.49 | 3.79 ± 0.22 | 769 ± 2 | 794 ± 75 | 245 ± 47 | 353 ± 3 | 1188 ± 18 | 128 ± 1 |
Medicinal herb market | 6.99 ± 0.66 | 1.44 ± 0.12 | 0.96 ± 0.08 | 3.01 ± 0.29 | 1.99 ± 0.14 | 3.58 ± 0.30 | 641 ± 4 | 146 ± 11 | 50 ± 3 | 111 ± 2 | 544 ± 52 | 49 ± 2 |
Fruit market-1 | 7.20 ± 0.01 | 1.55 ± 0.12 | 0.92 ± 0.00 | 2.77 ± 0.25 | 2.49 ± 0.64 | 3.80 ± 0.01 | 772 ± 27 | 105 ± 0 | 31 ± 4 | 61 ± 2 | 697 ± 34 | 63 ± 6 |
Fruit market-2 | 9.28 ± 0.02 | 1.92 ± 0.08 | 0.71 ± 0.01 | 3.68 ± 0.11 | 1.75 ± 0.08 | 3.73 ± 0.04 | 581 ± 65 | 51 ± 4 | 24 ± 0 | 44 ± 2 | 372 ± 25 | 68 ± 0 |
Fish market | 8.18 ± 0.91 | 1.87 ± 0.19 | 0.88 ± 0.10 | 2.62 ± 0.25 | 4.75 ± 0.49 | 5.46 ± 0.63 | 723 ± 11 | 140 ± 5 | 52 ± 3 | 344 ± 32 | 2425 ± 6 | 241 ± 4 |
Rural area-1 | 7.39 ± 0.30 | 2.02 ± 0.02 | 0.58 ± 0.03 | 3.62 ± 0.03 | 2.79 ± 0.02 | 2.14 ± 0.11 | 368 ± 21 | 22 ± 1 | 6 ± 0 | 30 ± 1 | 288 ± 17 | 49 ± 4 |
Rural area-2 | 8.25 ± 0.64 | 2.44 ± 0.13 | 0.48 ± 0.03 | 4.31 ± 0.25 | 1.97 ± 0.10 | 2.01 ± 0.14 | 258 ± 10 | 42 ± 14 | 8 ± 0 | 25 ± 2 | 216 ± 5 | 43 ± 1 |
Rural area-3 | 8.64 ± 0.06 | 2.25 ± 0.03 | 0.66 ± 0.01 | 4.03 ± 0.07 | 2.36 ± 0.07 | 2.68 ± 0.03 | 394 ± 9 | 40 ± 0 | 12 ± 0 | 43 ± 5 | 380 ± 18 | 61 ± 1 |
Elements | Al | Na | Mg | K | Ca | Mn | Cr | Fe | Ni | Cu | Zn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Na | −0.79 * | ||||||||||
Mg | −0.83 * | 0.67 | |||||||||
K | 0.77 | −0.53 | −0.94 * | ||||||||
Ca | −0.76 | 0.82 * | 0.77 | −0.80 | |||||||
Mn | −0.48 | 0.25 | 0.84 * | −0.90 * | 0.54 | ||||||
Cr | −0.90 * | 0.93 * | 0.89 * | −0.78 | 0.88 * | 0.55 | |||||
Fe | −0.10 | 0.02 | 0.57 | −0.70 | 0.46 | 0.84 * | 0.28 | ||||
Ni | −0.90 * | 0.94 | 0.87 * | −0.77 | 0.88 * | 0.52 | 1.00 * | 0.26 | |||
Cu | −0.58 | 0.59 | 0.76 | −0.82 * | 0.91 * | 0.66 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.74 | ||
Zn | −0.21 | 0.18 | 0.48 | −0.66 | 0.67 | 0.62 | 0.35 | 0.87 * | 0.35 | 0.88 * | |
Pb | −0.20 | 0.23 | 0.44 | −0.61 | 0.71 | 0.54 | 0.36 | 0.81 * | 0.36 | 0.88 * | 0.99 * |
Variables | Total (n = 163) | Fish Market (n = 38) | Fruits Market (n = 73) | Medicinal Herb Market (n = 52) | F or χ2 | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | ||||||
Age (years) | 59.43 ± 9.35 | 60.58 ± 9.26 a | 59.71 ± 8.22 a | 59.31 ± 10.85 a | 0.691 | 0.503 |
Working hours (hour/day) | 11.44 ± 2.21 | 11.75 ± 2.05 a | 11.35 ± 2.53 a | 11.36 ± 1.81 a | 0.471 | 0.625 |
Work experience (years) | 21.61 ± 11.83 | 21.89 ± 9.36 a | 21.14 ± 11.05 a | 22.08 ± 14.32 a | 0.109 | 0.897 |
Street venders (%) | 34.4 | 28.6 | 43.8 | 14.3 | 12.22 | 0.002 |
Depression level (CES-D) | 16.77 ± 8.78 | 21.13 ± 9.08 a | 14.34 ± 8.56 b | 16.98 ± 7.61 b | 8.190 | <0.001 |
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Kim, J.A.; Park, J.H.; Hwang, W.J. Heavy Metal Distribution in Street Dust from Traditional Markets and the Human Health Implications. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2016, 13, 820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080820
Kim JA, Park JH, Hwang WJ. Heavy Metal Distribution in Street Dust from Traditional Markets and the Human Health Implications. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2016; 13(8):820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080820
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Jin Ah, Jin Hee Park, and Won Ju Hwang. 2016. "Heavy Metal Distribution in Street Dust from Traditional Markets and the Human Health Implications" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13, no. 8: 820. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph13080820