A Mental Health Survey of Different Ethnic and Occupational Groups in Xinjiang, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Site and Population
2.2. The Instrument
2.3. Validity and Reliability
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Regional Distribution of the Sample
3.2. The Prevalence of Poor Mental Health for Demographic and Occupational Sub-Groups
3.3. Comparison of GHQ-20 Total and Subscale Scores among Demographic and Occupational Sub-Groups
3.4. Risk Factors for the Poor Mental Health by Multivariable Logistic Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Survey Region | Survey Sample Size | Effective Sample Size | Effective Response Rate | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (Persons) | Proportion (%) | N (Persons) | Proportion (%) | (%) | |
Urumqi | 2183 | 16.78 | 2152 | 18.10 | 98.58 |
Municipality | |||||
Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture | 2959 | 22.74 | 2366 | 19.90 | 79.96 |
Bayingolin Mongol Autonomous Prefecture | 1508 | 11.59 | 1439 | 12.10 | 95.42 |
Hami region | 1172 | 9.01 | 1072 | 9.02 | 91.47 |
Changji Hui Autonomous Prefecture | 1009 | 7.76 | 948 | 7.97 | 93.95 |
Karamay City | 791 | 6.08 | 711 | 5.98 | 89.89 |
Turpan region | 1182 | 9.09 | 1092 | 9.18 | 92.39 |
Kashgar region | 2206 | 16.96 | 2111 | 17.75 | 95.69 |
Total | 13,010 | 100 | 11,891 | 100 | 91.40 |
Index | Poor Mental Health | χ2 | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
YES | NO | ||||
n (%) | n (%) | ||||
Sex | Male | 1368 (21.5) | 4994 (78.5) | 39.240 | <0.001 |
Female | 1460 (26.4) | 4069 (73.6) | |||
Ethnicity | Han | 1754 (25.7) | 5251 (74.3) | 17.029 | 0.001 |
Uyghur | 710 a (21.5) | 2593 (78.5) | |||
Kazak | 76 (21.2) | 283 (78.8) | |||
Other minority | 288 (23.5) | 936 (76.5) | |||
Occupation | Worker | 826 (20.3) | 3241 (79.7) | 74.932 | <0.001 |
Teacher | 554 e (29.1) | 1349 (70.9) | |||
Soldier | 714 b,e (23.9) | 2271 (76.1) | |||
Civil servant | 243 b (22.2) | 850 (77.8) | |||
Healthcare worker | 345 c,d,e (28.7) | 856 (71.3) | |||
Others | 146 b (22.7) | 496 (77.3) | |||
Working years | <5 | 1025 (47.4) | 1139 (52.6) | 969.231 | <0.001 |
5–15 | 872 f (26.0) | 2481 (74.0) | |||
≥15 | 931 f (14.6) | 5443 (85.4) | |||
Marital status | Unmarried | 1255 (21.7) | 4536 (78.3) | 190.318 | <0.001 |
Married | 1133 (22.7) | 3861 (77.3) | |||
Divorce, death of a Spouse | 369 h,j,k (42.5) | 499 (57.5) | |||
Remarriage | 71 h (29.8) | 167 (70.2) | |||
Drinking | Yes | 967 (24.1) | 3040 (75.9) | 0.409 | 0.523 |
No | 1861 (23.6) | 6023 (76.4) | |||
Smoking | Yes | 503 (23.3) | 1659 (76.7) | 0.390 | 0.532 |
No | 2325 (23.9) | 7404 (76.1) | |||
Total | 2828 (23.8) | 9063 (76.2) |
n | Self-Esteem | Anxiety | Depression | Total Score | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | |||||
Male | 6362 | 5.96 ± 1.42 | 0.66 ± 0.42 | 1.43 ± 1.13 | 4.07 ± 2.69 |
Female | 5529 | 7.02 ± 1.57 | 0.87 ± 0.62 | 1.52 ± 1.22 | 5.28 ± 3.35 |
t | 38.45 | 21.34 | 4.16 | 21.51 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Ethnic | |||||
Han | 7005 | 8.13 ± 1.35 | 0.87 ± 0.62 | 1.52 ± 1.22 | 5.68 ± 1.92 |
Uyghur | 3303 | 6.06 ± 1.22 a | 0.71 ± 0.31 | 1.21 ± 1.03 a | 5.28 ± 3.41 a |
Kazak | 359 | 5.96 ± 1.42 a,c | 0.66 ± 0.42 | 1.43 ± 1.13 b,c | 4.07 ± 2.73 a,b,c |
Other minorities | 1224 | 7.52 ± 1.06 | 0.81 ± 0.34 | 1.23 ± 1.02 | 5.42 ± 3.12 |
F | 2087.29 | 81.63 | 64.73 | 26.77 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Occupation | |||||
Knowledge workers | 4197 | 8.71 ± 1.61 | 0.82 ± 0.70 | 1.41 ± 1.08 | 6.23 ± 3.20 |
Manual workers | 7694 | 6.06 ± 1.22 | 0.92 ± 0.35 | 1.62 ± 1.13 | 5.11 ± 2.69 |
t | 10.12 | 9.37 | 9.86 | 19.36 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Working years | |||||
<5 | 2164 | 3.15 ± 0.31 | 0.86 ± 0.32 | 1.43 ± 1.23 | 5.42 ± 3.20 |
5–15 | 3353 | 5.21 ± 1.13 d | 0.72 ± 0.21 | 1.21 ± 1.03 d | 4.21 ± 2.51 |
≥15 | 6374 | 5.96 ± 1.42 d | 0.53 ± 0.32 d,e | 1.13 ± 1.02 d | 3.76 ± 2.63 d |
F | 4334.3 | 1181.72 | 64.5 | 390.73 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Marital | |||||
Unmarried | 5791 | 4.02 ± 1.57 | 0.66 ± 0.42 | 1.43 ± 1.13 | 3.26 ± 2.52 |
Married | 4994 | 5.31 ± 1.21 h | 0.74 ± 0.31 h | 1.33 ± 1.01 h | 3.58 ± 2.64 h |
Divorce, death of a spouse | 868 | 3.21 ± 1.02 f,g,h | 0.69 ± 0.11 | 1.17 ± 0.97 f,g,h | 4.07 ± 3.07 f,h |
Remarriage | 238 | 4.81 ± 1.84 f | 0.86 ± 0.26 f,h | 1.53 ± 0.68 | 3.96 ± 2.45 f |
F | 933.54 | 59.87 | 20.38 | 74.56 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Drinking | |||||
Yes | 4007 | 5.02 ± 1.57 | 0.87 ± 0.67 | 1.53 ± 1.13 | 4.56 ± 2.16 |
No | 7884 | 5.87 ± 1.61 | 0.53 ± 0.50 | 1.66 ± 1.32 | 4.50 ± 2.61 |
t | 27.45 | 29.12 | 5.62 | 1.28 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.21 | |
Smoking | |||||
Yes | 2162 | 4.77 ± 1.53 | 0.52 ± 0.32 | 1.21 ± 1.01 | 4.07 ± 3.07 |
No | 9729 | 3.52 ± 1.26 | 0.61 ± 0.41 | 1.64 ± 1.27 | 4.88 ± 3.31 |
t | 36.71 | 10.57 | 15.72 | 10.53 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Influence Factor | Reference Group | Compare Group | β | S.E. | Wald | p-Value | OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex | Male | Female | 0.130 | 0.026 | 24.721 | <0.001 | 1.139 (1.012, 3.198) |
Ethnic | Han ethnic | Uyghur | 0.836 | 0.224 | 1.646 | 0.292 | 2.307 (0.276, 2.482) |
Kazak | −0.765 | 0.212 | 11.661 | <0.001 | 0.465 (0.466, 0.937) | ||
Other minorities | −0.216 | 0.180 | 7.446 | 0.001 | 0.806 (0.205, 0.987) | ||
Working years | <5 | 5−15 | −0.410 | 0.592 | 0.481 | 0.488 | 0.664 (0.208, 2.117) |
≥15 | −0.195 | 0.207 | 0.978 | 0.012 | 0.832 (0.532, 0.932) | ||
Occupation | Manual workers | Knowledge workers | 0.529 | 0.335 | 5.641 | 0.001 | 1.697 (1.097, 2.962) |
Marital status | Unmarried | Married | −0.329 | 0.663 | 0.246 | 0.62 | 0.720 (0.196, 2.642) |
Divorce, death of a spouse | 0.128 | 0.250 | 0.261 | 0.61 | 1.137 (0.696, 1.853) | ||
Remarriage | −0.216 | 0.180 | 1.446 | 0.229 | 0.806 (0.566, 1.146) |
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Fu, A.; Liu, B.; Jiang, Y.; Zhao, J.; Zhang, G.; Liu, J. A Mental Health Survey of Different Ethnic and Occupational Groups in Xinjiang, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010046
Fu A, Liu B, Jiang Y, Zhao J, Zhang G, Liu J. A Mental Health Survey of Different Ethnic and Occupational Groups in Xinjiang, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(1):46. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010046
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Ailing, Bo Liu, Yu Jiang, Junling Zhao, Guanghui Zhang, and Jiwen Liu. 2017. "A Mental Health Survey of Different Ethnic and Occupational Groups in Xinjiang, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 1: 46. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010046