Effects of Ambient Fine Particles PM2.5 on Human HaCaT Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- The mechanism linking skin damage and environmental factors may have the following aspects.
- Oxidative damage: PM may damage skin through oxidative stress production, which is one of the important causes of skin aging [10].
- Skin barrier function impairment: In the process of keeping skin barrier integrity, several important structural proteins play an important role in the process of skin cell differentiation, such as Loricrin (LOR), Involucrin (IVL), and Filaggrin (FLG) [11].
- Immune injury: Airborne particulate matter may increase keratinocyte inflammatory mediators [12] and cause cutaneous injury in cellular or humoral through immunity and innate immunity pathways. Increasing evidence has shown that the immune injury may play a role in the pathogenesis of various cutaneous inflammatory diseases by releasing cytokines or by expressing membrane-associated adhesion molecules [13,14].
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. PM2.5 Sampling
2.2. Cell Culture
2.3. PM2.5 Treatment
2.4. Cell Viability Determination
2.5. Western Blot
2.6. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. The Morphology of HaCaT Cells
3.2. Cell Viability Determination
3.2.1. Relationship between PM2.5 Concentration and Cell Viability
3.2.2. Relationship between Exposure Time and Cell Viability
3.3. Western Blot
3.4. ELISA
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Li, Q.; Kang, Z.; Jiang, S.; Zhao, J.; Yan, S.; Xu, F.; Xu, J. Effects of Ambient Fine Particles PM2.5 on Human HaCaT Cells. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010072
Li Q, Kang Z, Jiang S, Zhao J, Yan S, Xu F, Xu J. Effects of Ambient Fine Particles PM2.5 on Human HaCaT Cells. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(1):72. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010072
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Qiao, Zhihua Kang, Shuo Jiang, Jinzhuo Zhao, Shuxian Yan, Feng Xu, and Jinhua Xu. 2017. "Effects of Ambient Fine Particles PM2.5 on Human HaCaT Cells" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 1: 72. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010072