Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Momoge Wetland, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Collection and Preservation of Soil Samples
2.3. Laboratory Instruments and Reagents
2.4. Chemical Analysis of Soil Samples
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Analysis and Evaluation Method
2.6.1. Sourceidentifications
2.6.2. Evaluation of Wetland Soil Pollution
2.6.3. Ecological Risk Assessment
3. Contents and Characteristics of PAHs in the Momoge Wetland
3.1. The PAH Content in the Soils of the Momoge Wetland
3.2. Compounds Analysed in PAHs in Soils of the Momoge Wetland
3.3. Distribution of PAHs in the Soils of the Momoge Wetland
4. Source Identification of PAHs in Soils of the Momoge Wetland
4.1. Diagnostic Ratio Method
4.2. PCA-MLR
5. Pollution Assessment and Ecology Risk Assessment of PAHs in Soils of the Momoge Wetland
5.1. Pollution Assessment of PAHs in Soils of the Momoge Wetland
5.1.1. Standard Index Method
5.1.2. Pollution Interval Value Method
5.2. Ecological Risk Assessment of PAHs in Soils in the Momoge Wetland
5.2.1. Biological Toxicity Assessment
5.2.2. Normalization of Organic Carbon
6. Conclusions
- (1)
- The summarised PAH content (Σ16 PAHs) in the Momoge wetland soil samples was in the range (0.029–0.4152) mg/kg. The average content was 0.096 mg/kg. PAHs in wetland soil were primarily 2–3-rings PAHs. The content of Σ16 PAHs in the No. 10 soil sample was the highest, and that in the No. 4 soil sample was the lowest.
- (2)
- The diagnostic ratio and PCA-MLR model methods were utilized to conduct source identifications. The results showed that PAHs in the Momoge Wetland soil have multiple sources: petroleum source, combustion of petroleum and combustion of coal. The summation of the combustion of petroleum and coal sources account for 38.0% and 59.3%, respectively.
- (3)
- By comparing local data with international standards and pollution range methods, we could reach the conclusion that the Nap content in the Momoge wetland soil is excessive, and that there are some sampling sites that exhibit low-grade contamination. The result of biotoxicity and ecological assessments shows that there are two sampling sites with occasional ecological toxic hazards. The result of the organic carbon normalization method shows that only at the 10th sample point does ecological risk currently exist.
- (4)
- The sources of PAHs in the Momoge Wetland soil are multiple. It should be noted that, in the future, the soil PAHs should be monitored more often and associated with stronger protective measures.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PAHs | Rate of Recovery (%) | PAHs | Rate of Recovery (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Nap | 89–109 | BaA | 103–125 |
Acl | 107–116 | Chr | 87–106 |
Ace | 92–113 | BbF | 110–116 |
Flu | 100–125 | BkF | 101–109 |
Phe | 93–116 | BaP | 90–115 |
Ant | 99–123 | Ind | 98–109 |
F1a | 105–129 | Dah | 90–91 |
Pyr | 112–101 | Bghi | 104–106 |
District | Range of the Contents of 16 PAHs (mg/kg) |
---|---|
Baiyangdian Wetland [26] | 0.325–1.739 * |
Chongming Wetland in Shanghai [27] | 0.039–0.136 |
Jiaozhou Bay Wetland [28] | 0.176–0.563 |
Liaohe Estuary Wetland [29] | 0.293–1.937 |
south of Yellow River Delta Wetland [30] | 0.071–1.826 |
north of Yellow River Delta Wetland [31] | 0.027–0.129 |
Qinkenpa Wetland in Daqing [32] | 0.023–0.250 |
typical wetland in Three-river-plain [33] | 2.909–5.645 |
Lalu Wetland in Tibet [34] | 0.082–0.195 |
Zhujiang Estuary Wetland [35] | 0.427–1.019 |
estuary wetland in Elizabeth [36] | 1.200–22.200 |
floodplains wetland in Canada [37] | 0.016–12.000 |
This study | 0.029–0.415 |
PAHs | Principal Component | ||
---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | |
Nap | 0.431 | 0.812 | −0.170 |
Acl | 0.781 | 0.194 | 0.046 |
Ace | 0.469 | 0.708 | 0.060 |
Flu | 0.553 | 0.770 | 0.017 |
Phe | 0.802 | 0.242 | 0.265 |
Ant | 0.064 | 0.276 | 0.782 |
Fla | 0.918 | −0.235 | 0.217 |
Pyr | 0.879 | −0.301 | 0.259 |
BaA | 0.804 | −0.083 | −0.187 |
Chr | 0.906 | −0.298 | 0.105 |
BbF | 0.930 | −0.317 | 0.127 |
BkF | 0.907 | −0.141 | −0.017 |
BaP | 0.818 | −0.145 | −0.270 |
Ind | 0.923 | −0.198 | −0.135 |
Dah | 0.538 | 0.328 | −0.359 |
Bghi | 0.873 | −0.124 | −0.228 |
Eigenvalues | 9.313 | 2.470 | 1.165 |
Variance % | 58.204 | 15.441 | 7.281 |
Cumulative variance % | 58.204 | 73.645 | 80.926 |
Principal Component | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 |
---|---|---|---|
Source of PAHs | Combustion source of petroleum and coal | Petroleum source | Other source |
Standardized regression coefficient | 0.81 | 0.519 | −0.037 |
Contribution ratio | 59.3% | 38.0% | 2.7% |
Conditional probability | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.384 |
Coefficient of determination | 0.942 |
PAHs | ERL (mg/kg) | ERM (mg/kg) | Range of Concentration (mg/kg) | Number of Samples with a Concentration Less than ERL |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nap | 0.1600 | 2.1000 | 0.0041–0.2955 | 37 |
Acl | 0.0440 | 0.6400 | 0.0000–0.0036 | 39 |
Ace | 0.0160 | 0.5000 | 0.0000–0.0047 | 39 |
Flu | 0.0190 | 0.5400 | 0.0020–0.0156 | 39 |
Phe | 0.2400 | 1.5000 | 0.0122–0.0741 | 39 |
Ant | 0.0853 | 1.1000 | 0.0005–0.0169 | 39 |
Fla | 0.6000 | 5.1000 | 0.0020–0.0465 | 39 |
Pyr | 0.6650 | 2.6000 | 0.0010–0.0409 | 39 |
BaA | 0.2610 | 1.6000 | 0.0010–0.0062 | 39 |
Chr | 0.3840 | 2.8000 | 0.0000–0.0199 | 39 |
BbF | 0.0000–0.0388 | - | ||
BkF | 0.0000–0.0051 | - | ||
BaP | 0.4300 | 1.6000 | 0.0005–0.0046 | 39 |
Ind | 0.0000–0.0097 | - | ||
Dah | 0.0634 | 0.2600 | 0.0000–0.0066 | 39 |
Bghi | 0.0000–0.0127 | - | ||
Σ16 PAHs | 4.0220 | 44.792 | 0.0290–0.4152 | 39 |
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Xu, J.; Wang, H.; Sheng, L.; Liu, X.; Zheng, X. Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Momoge Wetland, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010085
Xu J, Wang H, Sheng L, Liu X, Zheng X. Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Momoge Wetland, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(1):85. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010085
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Jianling, Hanxi Wang, Lianxi Sheng, Xuejun Liu, and Xiaoxue Zheng. 2017. "Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Momoge Wetland, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 1: 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010085
APA StyleXu, J., Wang, H., Sheng, L., Liu, X., & Zheng, X. (2017). Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Momoge Wetland, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14010085