Inhibitory Effects of 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate on CH4 and N2O Emissions in Paddy Fields of Subtropical China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Site
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Measurement of CH4 and N2O Emissions and Crop Yields
2.4. Measurement of Soil NH4+ and NO3− Concentrations
2.5. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Methane Emissions
3.2. Nitrous Oxide Emissions
3.3. Crop Yield
3.4. Soil Inorganic N Concentration
4. Discussion
4.1. Seasonal Variation of CH4 and N2O Emissions
4.2. Inhibition of DMPP on CH4 and N2O Emissions
4.3. Optimal Quantity of DMPP Application
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatments | Rice Growing Season | Faba Bean Growing Season | Fallow Season | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | Reduction (%) | 2013 | Reduction (%) | 2012–2013 | Flooded | |
CH4 emissions (kg C ha−1) | ||||||
0.25% DMPP | - | - | 318.23 ± 6.50 b | 33.5 | - | - |
0.5% DMPP | 250.08 ± 3.64 c | 46.2 | 220.26 ± 6.52 e | 53.9 | −0.24 ± 0.07 c | - |
1% DMPP | 246.96 ± 4.36 c | 46.9 | 271.69 ± 8.27 c | 43.7 | 0.07 ± 0.06 b | - |
1.5% DMPP | 297.18 ± 6.06 b | 36.1 | 253.57 ± 6.49 d | 47.0 | −0.22 ± 0.06 c | - |
CK | 464.97 ± 8.36 a | - | 478.23 ± 6.05 a | - | 0.49 ± 0.07 a | 101.51 ± 4.35 |
N2O emissions (kg N ha−1) | ||||||
0.25% DMPP | - | - | 0.056 ± 0.006 b | 71.6 | - | - |
0.5% DMPP | 0.101 ± 0.01 b | 38.8 | 0.056 ± 0.005 b | 71.6 | 0.025 ± 0.01 c | - |
1% DMPP | 0.050 ± 0.009 c | 69.7 | 0.011 ± 0.007 d | 94.4 | 0.052 ± 0.01 b | - |
1.5% DMPP | 0.059 ± 0.012 a | 64.2 | 0.030 ± 0.006 c | 84.8 | 0.050 ± 0.012 b | - |
CK | 0.165 ± 0.005 a | - | 0.197 ± 0.008 a | - | 0.099 ± 0.009 a | 0.022 ± 0.011 |
Treatments | Crop yields (kg ha−1) | GWP (kg CO2-eq ha−1) | GWPI (kg CO2-eq kg−1 yield) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | 2012 | 2013 | |
0.25% DMPP | - | 8764.24 ± 300.86 a | - | 8937.72 | - | 1.020 |
0.5% DMPP | 8825.00 ± 116.59 a | 9365.13 ± 537.33 a | 7051.44 | 6194.56 | 0.799 | 0.661 |
1% DMPP | 9047.32 ± 378.76 a | 9336.67 ± 288.95 a | 6939.24 | 7612.68 | 0.767 | 0.815 |
1.5% DMPP | 9002.43 ± 207.31 a | 8880.77 ± 441.30 a | 8349.78 | 7114.57 | 0.928 | 0.801 |
CK | 8993.97 ± 100.03 a | 8820.87 ± 254.56 a | 13099.54 | 13486.41 | 1.456 | 1.529 |
CH4 | N2O | NH4+ | NO3− | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CH4 | 1 | −0.154 | −0.570 ** | 0.439 ** |
N2O | 1 | 0.068 | −0.161 | |
1 | −0.323 * | |||
1 |
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Yin, S.; Zhang, X.; Jiang, Z.; Zhu, P.; Li, C.; Liu, C. Inhibitory Effects of 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate on CH4 and N2O Emissions in Paddy Fields of Subtropical China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1177. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101177
Yin S, Zhang X, Jiang Z, Zhu P, Li C, Liu C. Inhibitory Effects of 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate on CH4 and N2O Emissions in Paddy Fields of Subtropical China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(10):1177. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101177
Chicago/Turabian StyleYin, Shan, Xianxian Zhang, Zaidi Jiang, Penghua Zhu, Changsheng Li, and Chunjiang Liu. 2017. "Inhibitory Effects of 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate on CH4 and N2O Emissions in Paddy Fields of Subtropical China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 10: 1177. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101177
APA StyleYin, S., Zhang, X., Jiang, Z., Zhu, P., Li, C., & Liu, C. (2017). Inhibitory Effects of 3,4-Dimethylpyrazole Phosphate on CH4 and N2O Emissions in Paddy Fields of Subtropical China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(10), 1177. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101177