Impact of Living Alone on Depressive Symptoms in Older Korean Widows
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Study Population
2.2. Assessment and Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Co-Residency | Alone | p | Depressive Symptoms (%) | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) or Mean (SD) | N (%) or Mean (SD) | Co-Residency | Alone | |||
N= | 1101 | 1698 | 1101 | 1698 | ||
Prevalence of depressive symptoms | 20.6 | 24.3 | ||||
Age | 75.68 (6.86) | 75.73 (6.10) | ** | |||
65–74 | 519 (47.1) | 729 (42.9) | 0.000 | 18.1 | 21.4 | 0.561 |
75–84 | 439 (39.9) | 818 (48.2) | 23.5 | 25.2 | ||
85+ | 143 (13.0) | 151 (8.9) | 21.1 | 34.2 | ||
Area of residence | ||||||
Urban | 896 (81.4) | 1230 (72.4) | 0.000 | 20.2 | 24.6 | 0.068 |
Rural | 205 (18.6) | 468 (27.6) | 22.5 | 23.7 | ||
Religion | ||||||
No | 243 (22.1) | 514 (30.3) | 0.000 | 23.5 | 27.2 | 0.025 |
Yes | 858 (77.9) | 1184 (69.7) | 19.8 | 23.1 | ||
Number of chronic diseases | (2.69, 1.69) | (2.98, 1.86) | ** | ** | ||
None | 92 (8.4) | 104 (6.1) | 0.063 | 9.8 | 11.5 | 0.493 |
Yes | 1009 (91.6) | 1594 (93.9) | 21.7 | 25.2 | ||
Relationship with children | ** | ** | ||||
Good | 683 (62.0) | 1042 (61.4) | 0.000 | 12.9 | 14.9 | 0.054 |
Fair/poor | 410 (37.2) | 595 (35.0) | 33.5 | 40.4 | ||
No children | 8 (0.7) | 61 (3.6) | 25.0 | 29.5 | ||
Relationship with friends/neighbors | ** | ** | ||||
Good | 567 (51.5) | 994 (58.5) | 0.000 | 15.0 | 17.4 | 0.275 |
Fair/poor | 534 (48.5) | 704 (41.5) | 26.8 | 34.1 | ||
Social participation | ** | ** | ||||
Yes | 360(32.7) | 616 (36.3) | 0.056 | 12.5 | 13.6 | 0.918 |
No | 741(67.3) | 1082 (63.7) | 24.6 | 30.4 | ||
Education | ** | ** | ||||
High school+ | 114 (10.4) | 200 (11.8) | 0.418 | 13.0 | 20.0 | 0.368 |
Middle school | 469 (42.6) | 693 (40.8) | 18.2 | 20.5 | ||
Primary school | 518 (47.0) | 806 (47.4) | 24.5 | 28.7 | ||
Working | ** | ** | ||||
Yes | 193 (17.5) | 412 (24.3) | 0.000 | 9.8 | 15.7 | 0.010 |
No | 908 (82.5) | 1286 (75.7) | 22.9 | 27.1 | ||
Equivalent household annual income a | 1932.46 (1271.95) | 946.26 (924.62) | ** | ** | ||
Highest 33.3% | 693 (62.9) | 243 (14.3) | 0.000 | 16.9 | 8.6 | 0.000 |
Middle 33.3% | 301 (27.3) | 631 (37.2) | 25.6 | 20.3 | ||
Lowest 33.3% | 108 (9.8) | 824 (48.5) | 31.5 | 32.0 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | Model 5 | Model 6 | Model 7 | Model 8 | Model 9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
Living arrangement | |||||||||
Coresidency | |||||||||
Living alone | 1.24 (1.03–1.49) | 1.22 (1.01–1.47) | 1.24 (1.02–1.51) | 1.31 (1.09–1.58) | 1.30 (1.08–1.57) | 1.26 (1.04–1.51) | 1.28 (1.07–1.55) | 0.74 (0.60–0.93) | 0.99 (0.78–1.26) |
Chronic disease | |||||||||
None | |||||||||
Yes | 2.57 (1.61–4.09) | 2.56 (1.58–1.16) | |||||||
Relationship with children | |||||||||
Good | |||||||||
Fair/poor | 3.78 (3.13–4.57) | 3.1 (2.52–3.80) | |||||||
No children | 2.45 (1.43–4.20) | 1.75 (1.00–3.07) | |||||||
Relationship with friends/neighbors | |||||||||
Good | |||||||||
Fair/poor | 2.32 (1.93–2.79) | 1.36 (1.10–1.66) | |||||||
Social participation | |||||||||
Yes | |||||||||
No | 2.53 (2.03–3.14) | 1.95 (1.53–2.47) | |||||||
Education | |||||||||
High school + | |||||||||
Middle school | 1.17 (0.84–1.62) | 0.99 (0.69–1.41) | |||||||
Primary school | 1.73 (1.25–2.38) | 1.15 (0.80–1.64) | |||||||
Working | |||||||||
No | 2.11 (1.63–2.72) | 2.13 (1.63–2.79) | |||||||
Yes | |||||||||
Equivalent household income b | |||||||||
Highest 33.3% | |||||||||
Middle 33.3% | 1.87 (1.45–2.42) | 1.62 (1.23–2.12) | |||||||
Lowest 33.3% | 3.25 (2.47–4.27) | 1.93 (1.43–2.60) | |||||||
Adjusted R2 | 0.009 | 0.02 | 0.113 | 0.054 | 0.05 | 0.021 | 0.029 | 0.05 | 0.184 |
XF | 1.27 | −0.37 | −5.91 | −4.92 | −1.52 | −3.73 | 39.94 | 19.79 |
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Jeon, G.-S.; Choi, K.; Cho, S.-I. Impact of Living Alone on Depressive Symptoms in Older Korean Widows. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101191
Jeon G-S, Choi K, Cho S-I. Impact of Living Alone on Depressive Symptoms in Older Korean Widows. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(10):1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101191
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeon, Gyeong-Suk, Kyungwon Choi, and Sung-Il Cho. 2017. "Impact of Living Alone on Depressive Symptoms in Older Korean Widows" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 10: 1191. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101191