Impact of Psychosocial Environment on Young Children’s Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Exposure Assessment
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Risk Factors | Control (No Emotional Symptoms) | Cases (Yes Emotional Symptoms) N = 245 | Control (No Conduct Problems) | Cases (Yes Conduct Problems) N = 195 | Control (No Hyperactivity) N (%) | Cases (Yes Hyperactivity) N = 215 | Control (No Peer Problems) | Cases (Yes Peer Problems) N = 202 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family status | ||||||||
Both parents | 1036 (83.3) | 208 (16.7) | 1085 (87.2) | 159 (12.8) | 1067 (85.8) | 177 (14.2) | 1074 (86.3) | 170 (13.7) |
Single mother | 135 (78.5) | 37 (21.5) | 136 (79.1) | 36 (20.9) * | 134 (77.9) | 38 (22.1) * | 140 (81.4) | 32 (18.7) |
Smoking during pregnancy | ||||||||
No | 1091 (83.2) | 220 (16.8) | 1135 (86.6) | 176 (13.4) | 1116 (85.1) | 195 (14.9) | 1123 (85.7) | 188 (14.3) |
Yes | 80 (76.2) | 25 (23.8) | 86 (81.9) | 19 (18.1) | 85 (81.0) | 20 (19.0) | 91 (86.7) | 14 (13.3) |
Secondhand smoking | ||||||||
No | 769 (84.5) | 141 (15.5) | 795 (87.4) | 115 (12.6) | 791 (86.9) | 119 (13.1) | 786 (86.4) | 124 (13.6) |
Yes | 402 (79.4) | 104 (20.6) * | 426 (84.2) | 80 (15.8) | 410 (81.0) | 96 (19.0) * | 428 (84.6) | 78 (15.4) |
Maternal age at childbirth | ||||||||
≤30 years | 783 (82.2) | 169 (17.8) | 816 (85.7) | 136 (14.3) | 793 (83.3) | 159 (16.7) | 824 (86.6) | 128 (13.4) |
>30 years | 388 (83.6) | 76 (16.4) | 405 (87.3) | 59 (12.7) | 408 (87.9) | 56 (12.1) * | 390 (84.1) | 74 (15.9) |
Maternal education | ||||||||
Low | 216 (76.6) | 66 (23.4) * | 233 (82.6) | 49 (17.4) | 223 (79.1) | 59 (20.9) * | 232 (82.3) | 50 (17.7) |
Medium | 220 (82.4) | 47 (17.6) | 234 (87.6) | 33 (12.4) | 228 (85.4) | 39 (14.6) | 227 (85.0) | 40 (15.0) |
Good | 735 (84.8) | 132 (15.2) | 754 (87.0) | 113 (13.0) | 750 (86.5) | 117 (13.5) | 755 (87.1) | 112 (12.9) |
Child’s birth weight | ||||||||
≤2500 g | 60 (74.1) | 21 (25.9) * | 70 (86.4) | 11 (13.6) | 58 (71.6) | 23 (28.4) * | 68 (84.0) | 13 (16.0) |
>2500 g | 1111 (83.2) | 224 (16.8) | 1151 (86.2) | 184 (13.8) | 1143 (85.6) | 192 (14.4) | 1146 (85.8) | 189 (14.2) |
Child’s sex | ||||||||
Male | 577 (82.9) | 119 (17.1) | 589 (84.6) | 107 (15.4) | 571 (82.0) | 125 (18.0) * | 586 (84.2) | 110 (15.8) |
Female | 594 (82.5) | 126 (17.5) | 632 (87.8) | 88 (12.2) | 630 (87.5) | 90 (12.5) | 628 (87.2) | 92 (12.8) |
Sedentary behavior | ||||||||
≤3 h per day | 957 (84.0) | 182 (16.0) | 987 (86.7) | 152 (13.3) | 972 (85.3) | 167 (14.7) | 987 (86.7) | 52 (13.3) |
>3 h per day | 214 (77.3) | 63 (22.7) * | 234 (84.5) | 43 (15.5) | 229 (82.7) | 48 (17.3) | 227 (81.9) | 50 (18.1) |
Child’s BMI | ||||||||
<18 kg/m2 | 1082 (82.7) | 226 (17.3) | 1128 (86.2) | 180 (13.8) | 1114 (85.2) | 194 (14.8) | 1123 (85.9) | 185 (14.1) |
≥18 kg/m2 | 89 (82.4) | 19 (17.6) | 93 (86.1) | 15 (13.9) | 87 (80.6) | 21 (19.4) | 91 (84.3) | 17 (15.7) |
Birth order | ||||||||
First child | 622 (79.1) | 164 (20.9) * | 677 (86.1) | 109 (13.9) | 660 (84.0) | 126 (16.0) | 666 (84.7) | 120 (15.3) |
2nd and later | 549 (87.1) | 81 (12.9) | 544 (86.3) | 86 (13.7) | 541 (85.9) | 89 (14.1) | 548 (87.0) | 82 (13.0) |
Parent-child relations * | ||||||||
Normal | 814 (87.1) | 121 (12.9) | 833 (89.1) | 102 (10.9) | 796 (85.1) | 139 (14.9) | 817 (87.4) | 118 (12.6) |
Borderline | 310 (78.5) | 85 (21.5) a | 327 (82.8) | 68 (17.2) b | 346 (87.6) | 49 (12.4) c | 346 (87.6) | 49 (12.4) d |
Pathological | 47 (54.7) | 39 (45.3) a | 61 (70.9) | 25 (29.1) b | 59 (68.6) | 27 (21.4) c | 51 (59.3) | 35 (40.7) d |
Risk Factors for TBD | Cases (Yes TBD N = 230) N (%) | Controls (No TBD N = 1186) N (%) | Crude Odds Ratios (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Family status * | |||
Both parents | 186 (15.0) | 1058 (85.0) | 1 |
Single mother | 44 (25.6) | 128 (74.4) | 1.96 (1.34–2.85) |
Smoking during pregnancy | |||
No | 207 (15.8) | 1104 (84.2) | 1 |
Yes | 23 (21.9) | 82 (78.1) | 1.50 (0.92–2.43) |
Secondhand smoking * | |||
No | 124 (13.6) | 786 (86.4) | 1 |
Yes | 106 (20.9) | 400 (79.1) | 1.68 (1.26–2.24) |
Maternal age at childbirth | |||
≤30 years | 165 (17.3) | 787 (82.7) | 1.29 (0.94–1.76) |
>30 years | 65 (14.0) | 399 (86.0) | 1 |
Maternal education * | |||
Low | 64 (22.7) | 218 (77.3) | 1.90 (1.35–2.67) |
Medium | 50 (18.7) | 217 (81.3) | 1.49 (1.04–2.15) |
Good | 116 (13.4) | 751 (86.6) | 1 |
Child’s birth weight | |||
≤2500 g | 17 (21.0) | 64 (79.0) | 1.40 (0.80–2.44) |
>2500 g | 213 (16.0) | 1122 (84.0) | 1 |
Child’s sex * | |||
Male | 131 (18.8) | 565 (81.2) | 1.46 (1.10–1.94) |
Female | 99 (13.8) | 621 (86.2) | 1 |
Sedentary behavior | |||
≤3 h per day | 177 (15.5) | 962 (84.5) | 1 |
>3 h per day | 53 (19.1) | 224 (80.9) | 1.29 (0.92–1.81) |
Child’s BMI | |||
<18 kg/m2 | 211 (16.1) | 1097 (83.9) | 1 |
≥18 kg/m2 | 19 (17.6) | 89 (82.4) | 1.11 (0.66–1.86) |
Birth order * | |||
First child | 150 (19.1) | 636 (80.9) | 1.62 (1.21–2.18) |
2nd and later | 80 (12.7) | 550 (87.3) | 1 |
Parent-child relations *,a | |||
Normal (<85th percentile) | 123 (13.2) | 812 (86.8) | 1 |
Borderline (85th to 90th percentile) | 63 (15.9) | 332 (84.1) | 1.25 (0.90–1.74) |
Pathological (>90th percentile) | 44 (51.2) | 42 (48.8) | 6.92 (4.35–10.99) |
Children Mental Health | Cases (Problem) N (%) | Maternal Low Education Adjusted † Odds Ratios (95% CI) | Borderline/Pathological Mother-Child Relations Adjusted †† Odds Ratios (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
No problem (referent group) | Referent: higher education-1 | Referent: normal relations-1 | |
Yes emotional symptoms | 245 (17.3) | 1.43 * (1.00–2.05) | 2.06 * (1.53–2.77) |
Yes conduct problems | 195 (13.8) | 1.32 (0.89–1.96) | 1.83 * (1.32–2.54) |
Yes hyperactivity | 215 (15.2) | 1.31 (0.89–1.92) | 1.04 (0.75–1.44) |
Yes peer problems | 202 (14.3) | 1.36 (0.92–2.00) | 1.47 * (1.06–2.02) |
Yes total difficulties | 230 (16.2) | 1.44 * (1.02–2.08) | 1.69 * (1.24–2.31) |
Children Mental Health Difficulties | Cases, N (%) | Controls, N (%) | Adjusted † OR (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|
Emotional Symptoms ††,a | |||
Good education & Normal parent-child relations | 95 (12.1) | 687 (87.9) | Referent 1 |
Good education & Borderline and pathological parent-child relations | 84 (23.9) | 268 (76.1) | 2.11 (1.49–2.97) |
Low education & Normal parent-child relations | 26 (17.0) | 127 (83.0) | 1.38 (0.83–4.28) |
Low education & Borderline and pathological parent-child relations | 40 (31.0) | 89 (69.0) | 2.65 (1.65–4.28) |
Conduct Problems ††,b | |||
Good education & Normal parent-child relations | 83 (10.6) | 699 (89.4) | Referent 1 |
Good education & Borderline and pathological parent-child relations | 63 (17.9) | 289 (82.1) | 1.67 (1.14–2.43) |
Low education & Normal parent-child relations | 19 (12.4) | 134 (87.6) | 1.01 (0.57–1.81) |
Low education & Borderline and pathological parent-child relations | 30 (23.3) | 99 (76.7) | 2.47 (1.49–4.11) |
Hyperactivity ††,c | |||
Good education & Normal parent-child relations | 105 (13.4) | 677 (86.6) | Referent 1 |
Good education & Borderline and pathological parent-child relations | 51 (14.5) | 301 (85.5) | 1.03 (0.70–1.51) |
Low education & Normal parent-child relations | 34 (22.2) | 119 (77.8) | 1.29 (0.79–2.12) |
Low education & Borderline and pathological parent-child relations | 25 (19.4) | 104 (80.6) | 1.36 (0.80–2.31) |
Peer problems ††,d | |||
Good education & Normal parent-child relations | 97 (12.4) | 685 (87.6) | Referent 1 |
Good education & Borderline and pathological parent-child relations | 55 (15.6) | 297 (84.4) | 1.37 (0.95–1.99) |
Low education & Normal parent-child relations | 21 (13.7) | 132 (86.3) | 1.15 (0.66–1.97) |
Low education & Borderline and pathological parent-child relations | 29 (22.5) | 100 (77.5) | 2.04 (1.22–3.43) |
Total difficulties ††,e | |||
Good education & Normal parent-child relations | 97 (12.4) | 685 (87.6) | Referent 1 |
Good education & Borderline and pathological parent-child relations | 69 (19.6) | 283 (80.4) | 1.58 (1.10–2.27) |
Low education & Normal parent-child relations | 26 (17.0) | 127 (83.0) | 1.19 (0.71–2.01) |
Low education & Borderline and pathological parent-child relations | 38 (29.5) | 91 (70.5) | 2.45 (1.51–3.99) |
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Grazuleviciene, R.; Andrusaityte, S.; Petraviciene, I.; Balseviciene, B. Impact of Psychosocial Environment on Young Children’s Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101278
Grazuleviciene R, Andrusaityte S, Petraviciene I, Balseviciene B. Impact of Psychosocial Environment on Young Children’s Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(10):1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101278
Chicago/Turabian StyleGrazuleviciene, Regina, Sandra Andrusaityte, Inga Petraviciene, and Birute Balseviciene. 2017. "Impact of Psychosocial Environment on Young Children’s Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 10: 1278. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14101278