Prevalence and Determinants of Current Smoking and Intention to Smoke among Secondary School Students: A Cross-Sectional Survey among Han and Tujia Nationalities in China
Abstract
:1. Background
- (1)
- To probe the prevalence of smoking and intention to smoke among students between Han and Tujia nationalities in China;
- (2)
- To probe the determinants of smoking and frequency of smoking among smoker students between Han and Tujia nationalities in China;
- (3)
- To probe the determinants of intention to smoke among nonsmokers students between Han and Tujia nationalities in China.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Methods
2.1.1. Sample Size
2.1.2. Population and Sample
2.2. Questionnaire
2.2.1. Demographic Questions
2.2.2. Classes about Smoking or Tobacco Prevention
2.2.3. Smoking Status
2.2.4. Frequency of Smoking
2.2.5. Intention to Smoke
2.2.6. Questionnaire Interview
2.3. Survey Implementation
2.4. Data Analyses
3. Result
3.1. Characteristics of the Sample
3.2. Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis for Factors Associated with Smoking
3.3. Ordered Multivariate Logistic Regression for Factors Associated with Higher Frequency of Smoking among Smokers
3.4. Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis for Factors Associated with Intention to Smoke among Non-Smokers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Smoker (n = 169) | Non-Smoker (n = 1636) | Statistical Test |
---|---|---|---|
Age (mean, SD) | 16.5 ± 1.3 | 16.1 ± 1.3 | t = −3.42, p = 0.0006 |
Age | |||
13–17 years old | 138 (8.8) | 1434 (91.2) | |
18–19 years old | 31 (13.3) | 202 (86.7) | |
Gender | χ2 = 84.2929, p < 0.0001 | ||
Male | 139 (15.8) | 739 (84.2) | |
Female | 30 (3.2) | 897 (96.8) | |
School category | χ2 = 1.0758, p = 0.2996 | ||
Middle school students | 12 (7.1) | 156 (92.9) | |
High school students | 157 (9.6) | 1480 (90.4) | |
Ethnic category | χ2 = 21.3334, p < 0.0001 | ||
Han population | 110 (7.7) | 1314 (92.3) | |
Tujia population | 59 (15.5) | 322 (84.5) | |
Academic performance in class | χ2 = 22.7234, p < 0.0001 | ||
Top 25% | 31 (6.7) | 431 (93.3) | |
Upper 50% | 45 (7.6) | 544 (92.4) | |
Lower 50% | 44 (9.7) | 408 (90.3) | |
Last 25% | 49 (16.2) | 253 (83.8) | |
The number of classes have been taught throughout school about smoking or tobacco control | χ2 = 2.2674, p = 0.5188 | ||
Never | 131 (9.0) | 1333 (91.0) | |
One class lesson | 16 (10.5) | 136 (89.7) | |
Two class lessons | 3 (8.3) | 33 (91.7) | |
Three or more class lessons | 19 (12.4) | 134 (87.6) |
Effect | Total Populations | Han Ethnicity | Tujia Ethnicity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR a | 95% CI | p-Value | OR b | 95% CI | p-Value | OR c | 95% CI | p-Value | |
Age | |||||||||
18–19 years old vs. 13–17 years old | 1.80 | 1.15–2.83 | 0.010 | 2.24 | 1.37–3.65 | 0.001 | 0.63 | 0.19–2.09 | 0.446 |
Gender | |||||||||
Female vs. Male | 0.16 | 0.11–0.25 | <0.0001 | 0.27 | 0.17–0.43 | <0.0001 | 0.04 | 0.02–0.11 | <0.0001 |
School category | |||||||||
High school student vs. Middle school student | 1.12 | 0.59–2.13 | 0.736 | 1.11 | 0.56–2.18 | 0.772 | 1.20 | 0.11–12.74 | 0.883 |
Ethnicity | |||||||||
Tujia ethnicity vs. Han ethnicity | 2.76 | 1.88–4.04 | <0.0001 | - | - | - | - | - | |
Academic performance in class | |||||||||
Upper 50% vs. Top 25% | 1.27 | 0.78–2.07 | 0.342 | 1.31 | 0.73–2.34 | 0.360 | 1.20 | 0.45–3.15 | 0.719 |
Lower 50% vs. Top 25% | 1.50 | 0.91–2.48 | 0.109 | 1.22 | 0.65–2.29 | 0.535 | 2.01 | 0.81–5.01 | 0.134 |
Last 25% vs. Top 25% | 2.86 | 1.73–4.71 | <0.0001 | 3.18 | 1.78–5.66 | <0.0001 | 1.93 | 0.69–5.42 | 0.212 |
One class lesson vs. Never | 1.08 | 0.61–1.93 | 0.788 | 1.54 | 0.79–3.02 | 0.204 | 1.20 | 0.45–3.15 | 0.719 |
The number of classes have been taught throughout school about smoking or tobacco control | |||||||||
Two class lessons vs. Never | 0.98 | 0.27–3.55 | 0.975 | 2.53 | 0.69–9.25 | 0.160 | - | - | - |
Three or more class lessons vs. Never | 1.35 | 0.76–2.38 | 0.303 | 2.39 | 1.14–5.01 | 0.021 | - | - | - |
Parameter | Estimate | Standard Error | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ||||
18–19 years old vs. 13–17 years old | 0.98 | 0.41 | 1.80, 0.20 | 0.016 |
Gender | ||||
Female vs. Male | −1.18 | 0.41 | −2.01, −0.39 | 0.004 |
School category | ||||
High school vs. Middle school | −0.96 | 0.60 | −2.16, 0.20 | 0.108 |
Ethnicity | ||||
Tujia ethnicity vs. Han ethnicity | 0.85 | 0.34 | 1.52, 0.20 | 0.011 |
Academic performance in class | ||||
Upper 50% vs. Top 25% | 0.18 | 0.45 | −0.70, 1.08 | 0.684 |
Lower 50% vs. .Top 25% | −0.16 | 0.46 | −1.06, 0.74 | 0.723 |
Last 25% vs. Top 25% | 0.59 | 0.46 | −0.30, 1.50 | 0.200 |
Effect | OR a | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age | |||
Age 18–19 years old vs. 13–17 years old | 1.26 | (0.86, 1.86) | 0.238 |
Gender | |||
Female vs. Male | 0.22 | (0.17, 0.30) | <0.0001 |
School category | |||
High school student vs. Middle school student | 4.29 | (2.12, 8.66) | <0.0001 |
Ethnicity | |||
Tujia ethnicity vs. Han ethnicity | 0.84 | (0.58, 1.23) | 0.378 |
Academic performance in class | |||
Upper 50% vs. Top 25% | 1.13 | (0.78, 1.64) | 0.519 |
Lower 50% vs. Top 25% | 1.50 | (1.02, 2.20) | 0.039 |
Last 25% vs. Top 25% | 2.23 | (1.48, 3.34) | 0.0001 |
The number of classes have been taught throughout school about smoking or tobacco prevention | |||
One class lesson vs. Never | 0.86 | (0.51, 1.45) | 0.561 |
Two class lessons vs. Never | 1.02 | (0.37, 2.87) | 0.965 |
Three or more class lessons vs. Never | 1.02 | (0.59, 1.76) | 0.959 |
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Xu, X.; Liu, D.; Sharma, M.; Zhao, Y. Prevalence and Determinants of Current Smoking and Intention to Smoke among Secondary School Students: A Cross-Sectional Survey among Han and Tujia Nationalities in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111323
Xu X, Liu D, Sharma M, Zhao Y. Prevalence and Determinants of Current Smoking and Intention to Smoke among Secondary School Students: A Cross-Sectional Survey among Han and Tujia Nationalities in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(11):1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111323
Chicago/Turabian StyleXu, Xianglong, Dengyuan Liu, Manoj Sharma, and Yong Zhao. 2017. "Prevalence and Determinants of Current Smoking and Intention to Smoke among Secondary School Students: A Cross-Sectional Survey among Han and Tujia Nationalities in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 11: 1323. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111323