Work–Life Imbalance and Musculoskeletal Disorders among South Korean Workers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Subjects
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Work–Life Conflict
2.2.2. Frequent Overtime at Work
2.2.3. Musculoskeletal Disorders
2.2.4. Key Covariates
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics
3.2. Prevalence of Self-Reported Musculoskeletal Disorder by Key Covariates
3.3. Factors Associated with Musculoskeletal Disorder and Gender Difference
3.4. Interaction Effects between Work–Life Conflict and Key Covariates of Musculoskeletal Disorder
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Men (n = 28,640) | Women (n = 21,392) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non MSD (n = 17,070) | MSD (n = 11,570) | Non MSD (n = 10,831) | MSD (n = 10,561) | |||
Age | ||||||
15–39 years | 9303 (32.5) | 6437 (69.2) | 2866 (30.8) | 7582 (35.4) | 4796 (63.3) | 2786 (36.7) |
39–49 years | 8020 (28.0) | 5036 (62.8) | 2984 (37.2) | 6321 (29.5) | 3447 (54.5) | 2874 (45.5) |
50 years and older | 11,317 (39.5) | 5597 (49.5) | 5720 (50.5) | 7489 (35.0) | 2588 (34.6) | 4901 (65.4) |
Education level | ||||||
Less than secondary education | 4879 (17.0) | 1848 (37.9) | 3031 (62.1) | 4778 (22.3) | 1267 (26.5) | 3511 (73.5) |
High school | 11,390 (39.8) | 6447 (56.6) | 4943 (43.4) | 8850 (41.4) | 4547 (51.4) | 4303 (48.6) |
College or above | 12,371 (43.2) | 8775 (70.9) | 3596 (29.1) | 7764 (36.3) | 5017 (64.6) | 2747 (35.4) |
Family type | ||||||
Non-single | 25,626 (89.5) | 15,317(59.8) | 10,309(40.2) | 17,865 (83.5) | 9298 (52.0) | 8567 (48.0) |
Single | 3014 (10.5) | 1753 (58.2) | 1261 (41.8) | 3527 (16.5) | 1533 (43.5) | 1994 (56.5) |
Marital status | ||||||
Unmarried | 6239 (21.8) | 3965 (63.6) | 2274 (36.4) | 7503 (35.1) | 3700 (49.3) | 3803 (50.7) |
Married | 22,401 (78.2) | 13,105 (58.5) | 9296 (41.5) | 13,889 (64.9) | 7131 (51.3) | 6758 (48.7) |
Having a child six years of age or younger | ||||||
No | 24,552 (85.7) | 14,290 (58.2) | 10,262(41.8) | 19,517 (91.3) | 9711 (49.8) | 9806 (50.2) |
Yes | 4088 (14.3) | 2780 (68.0) | 1308 (32.0) | 1875 (8.7) | 1120 (59.7) | 755 (40.3) |
Employment type | ||||||
Self-employed | 10,850 (37.9) | 5513 (50.8) | 5337 (49.2) | 6655 (31.1) | 2839 (42.7) | 3816 (57.3) |
Employee | 17,346 (60.6) | 11,315(65.2) | 6031 (34.8) | 12,365 (57.8) | 6958 (56.3) | 5407 (43.7) |
Employs others | 444 (1.5) | 242 (54.5) | 202 (45.5) | 2372 (11.1) | 1034 (43.6) | 1338 (56.4) |
Occupational category | ||||||
Managerial and professional | 1809 (6.3) | 1341 (74.1) | 468 (25.9) | 1287 (6.0) | 842 (65.4) | 445 (34.6) |
White collar | 5209 (18.2) | 3921 (75.3) | 1288 (24.7) | 3139 (14.7) | 2177 (69.4) | 962 (30.6) |
Sales and services | 8984 (31.4) | 5628 (62.6) | 3356 (37.4) | 11,815 (55.2) | 6156 (52.1) | 5659 (47.9) |
Skilled and unskilled blue collar | 12,638 (44.1) | 6180 (48.9) | 6458 (51.5) | 5151 (24.1) | 1656 (32.1) | 3495 (67.9) |
Shift type | ||||||
Non-shift | 26,448 (92.3) | 15,728(59.5) | 10,720 (40.5) | 20,502 (95.8) | 10,362 (50.5) | 10,140 (49.5) |
Shift | 2192 (7.7) | 1342 (61.2) | 850 (38.8) | 890 (4.2) | 469 (52.7) | 421 (47.3) |
Salary (USD ** per month) | ||||||
<2000 | 10,627 (37.1) | 5413 (50.9) | 5214 (49.1) | 15,028 (70.3) | 7160 (47.6) | 7868 (52.4) |
2000–2999 | 9077 (31.7) | 5660 (62.4) | 3417 (37.6) | 3854 (18.0) | 2209 (57.3) | 1645 (42.7) |
>2999 | 8497 (29.7) | 5692 (67.0) | 2805 (33.0) | 2125 (9.9) | 1253 (59.0) | 872 (41.0) |
No answer | 439 (1.5) | 305 (69.5) | 134 (30.5) | 385 (1.8) | 209 (54.3) | 176 (45.7) |
Work hours (per week) | ||||||
<41 | 8773 (30.6) | 5652 (64.4) | 3121 (35.6) | 7939 (37.1) | 4185 (52.7) | 3754 (47.3) |
41–56 | 10,026 (35.0) | 6064 (60.5) | 3962 (39.5) | 6472 (30.3) | 3495 (54.0) | 2977 (46.0) |
>56 | 9841(34.4) | 5354 (54.4) | 4487 (45.6) | 6981 (32.6) | 3151 (45.1) | 3830 (54.9) |
Alcohol drinking | ||||||
Non-drinker | 4879 (17.0) | 2765 (56.7) | 2114 (43.3) | 8613 (40.3) | 4040 (46.9) | 4573 (53.1) |
Drinker | 23,761 (83.0) | 14,305(60.2) | 9456 (39.8) | 12,779 (59.7) | 6791 (53.1) | 5988 (46.9) |
Smoking | ||||||
Non-smoker | 8282 (28.9) | 4970 (60.0) | 3312 (40.0) | 19,436 (91.0) | 9916 (50.9) | 9547 (49.1) |
Past smoker | 5544 (19.4) | 3188 (57.5) | 2356 (42.5) | 695 (3.2) | 346 (49.8) | 349 (50.2) |
Current smoker | 14,814 (51.7) | 8912 (60.2) | 5902 (39.8) | 1234 (5.8) | 569 (46.1) | 665 (53.9) |
Job stress | ||||||
No | 21,178 (73.9) | 12,739(60.2) | 8439 (39.8) | 16,015 (74.9) | 8196 (51.2) | 7819 (48.8) |
Yes | 7462 (26.1) | 4331 (58.0) | 3131 (42.0) | 5377 (25.1) | 2635 (49.0) | 2742 (51.0) |
Physical demand | ||||||
Low | 11,584 (40.5) | 8421 (72.7) | 3163 (27.3) | 7987 (37.3) | 5279 (66.1) | 2708 (33.9) |
Medium | 8031 (28.0) | 4563 (56.8) | 3468 (43.2) | 6331 (29.6) | 3039 (48.0) | 3292 (52.0) |
High | 9025 (31.5) | 4086 (45.3) | 4939 (54.7) | 7074 (33.1) | 2513 (35.5) | 4561 (64.5) |
Work–life conflict | ||||||
No | 20,029 (69.9) | 12,693 (63.4) | 7336 (36.6) | 15,068 (70.4) | 8207 (54.5) | 6861 (45.5) |
Yes | 8611 (30.1) | 4377 (50.8) | 4234 (49.2) | 6324 (29.6) | 2624 (41.5) | 3700 (58.5) |
Frequent overtime work | ||||||
No | 24,008 (83.8) | 14,556 (60.6) | 9452 (39.4) | 18,611 (87.0) | 9429 (50.7) | 9182 (49.3) |
Yes | 4632 (16.2) | 2514 (54.3) | 2118 (45.7) | 2781 (13.0) | 1402 (50.4) | 1379 (49.6) |
Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Intervals) | ||
---|---|---|
Men (n = 28,640) | Women (n = 21,392) | |
Marital status | ||
Unmarried | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Married | 1.41 (1.28–1.54) ‡ | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) |
Having a child six years of age or younger | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.94 (0.86–1.02) | 1.11 (0.99–1.24) |
Employment type | ||
Self-employed | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Employee | 0.72 (0.68–0.77) ‡ | 0.79 (0.73–0.85) ‡ |
Employs others | 0.86 (0.69–1.05) | 0.90 (0.81–1.01) |
Occupational category | ||
Managerial and professional | 1.00 | 1.00 |
White-collar | 1.17 (1.03–1.33) † | 0.99 (0.85–1.14) |
Sales and services | 1.01 (0.89–1.14) | 0.95 (0.82–1.08) |
Skilled and unskilled blue collar | 1.46 (1.29–1.66) ‡ | 1.41 (1.21–1.64) ‡ |
Shift type | ||
Non-shift | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Shift | 0.88 (0.80–0.97) † | 0.97 (0.83–1.11) |
Salary (USD * per month) | ||
<2000 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
2000–2999 | 0.80 (0.75–0.85) ‡ | 0.95 (0.87–1.03) |
>2999 | 0.74 (0.69–0.80) ‡ | 0.91 (0.82–1.01) |
Not reported | 0.61 (0.49–0.76) ‡ | 0.89 (0.71–1.11) |
Work hours (per week) | ||
<41 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
41–56 | 1.14 (1.07–1.22) ‡ | 1.02 (0.94–1.09) |
>56 | 1.08 (1.01–1.16) † | 0.97 (0.89–1.05) |
Physical demand | ||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Medium | 1.63 (1.52–1.74) ‡ | 1.76 (1.63–1.90) ‡ |
High | 2.30 (2.15–2.44) ‡ | 2.61 (2.42–2.81) ‡ |
Job stress | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.15 (1.09–1.22) ‡ | 1.20 (1.12–1.28) ‡ |
Work–life conflict | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.49 (1.41–1.58) ‡ | 1.50 (1.41–1.62) ‡ |
Frequent overtime work | ||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High | 1.34 (1.26–1.44) ‡ | 1.08 (0.98–1.17) |
Men (n = 28,640) | Women (n = 21,392) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Work–Life Conflict | |||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | ||
Model 1 | Work hours | ||||
<41 | 1 | 1.38 | 1 | 1.05 | |
41–56 | 1.12 | 1.68 | 1.03 | 1.41 | |
>56 | 1.05 | 1.61 | 0.86 | 1.63 | |
Model 2 | Physical demand | ||||
Low | 1 | 1.46 | 1 | 1.34 | |
Medium | 1.64 | 2.37 | 1.72 | 2.57 | |
High | 2.24 | 3.53 | 2.43 | 4.10 | |
Model 3 | Job stress | ||||
No | 1 | 1.43 | 1 | 1.45 | |
Yes | 1.09 | 1.84 | 1.14 | 1.93 | |
Model 4 | Frequent overtime at work | ||||
Low | 1 | 1.48 | 1 | 1.45 | |
High | 1.32 | 2.07 | 0.98 | 2.00 |
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Kim, Y.-M.; Cho, S.-i. Work–Life Imbalance and Musculoskeletal Disorders among South Korean Workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111331
Kim Y-M, Cho S-i. Work–Life Imbalance and Musculoskeletal Disorders among South Korean Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(11):1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111331
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Young-Mee, and Sung-il Cho. 2017. "Work–Life Imbalance and Musculoskeletal Disorders among South Korean Workers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 11: 1331. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111331