Impact of Distance on Mode of Active Commuting in Chilean Children and Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Ethical Aspects
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Patterns of Mode of Commuting
4.2. Distance from Home to School
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- World Health Organization (WHO). Recomendaciones Mundiales Sobre Actividad Física Para la Salud; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switherland, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Pate, R.R.; O’Neill, J.R.; Lobelo, F. The evolving definition of “sedentary”. Exerc. Sport. Sci. Rev. 2008, 36, 173–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Owen, N.; Healy, G.N.; Matthews, C.E.; Dunstan, D.W. Too much sitting: The population-health science of sedentary behavior. Exerc. Sport. Sci. Rev. 2010, 36, 105–133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Granich, J.; Rosenberg, M.; Knuiman, M.W.; Timperio, A. Individual, Social, and Physical Environment Factors Associated With Electronic Media Use among Children: Sedentary Behavior at Home. J. Phys. Act. Health 2011, 8, 613–625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, H.; Blanco, E.; Algarín, C.; Peirano, P.; Burrows, R.; Reyes, M.; Wing, D.; Godino, J.; Gahagan, S. Weight Status and Physical Activity: Combined Influence on Cardiometabolic Risk Factors among Adolescents, Santiago, Chile. Glob. Pediatr. Health 2016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Audrey, S.; Procter, S.; Cooper, A.R. The contribution of walking to work to adult physical activity levels: A cross sectional study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2014, 11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saunders, L.E.; Green, J.M.; Petticrew, M.P.; Steinbach, R.; Roberts, H. What Are the Health Benefits of Active Travel? A Systematic Review of Trials and Cohort Studies. PLoS ONE 2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Celis-Morales, C.A.; Lyall, D.M.; Welsh, P.; Anderson, J.; Steell, L.; Guo, Y.; Maldonado, R.; Mackay, D.F.; Pell, J.P.; Sattar, N.; et al. Association between active commuting and incident cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality: Prospective cohort study. BMJ 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Besser, L.M.; Dannenberg, A.L. Walking to public transit: Steps to help meet physical activity recommendations. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2005, 29, 273–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Faulkner, G.E.J.; Buliung, R.N.; Flora, P.K.; Fusco, C. Active school transport, physical activity levels and bodyweight of children and youth: A systematic review. Prev. Med. 2009, 48, 3–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McDonald, N.C.; Steiner, R.L.; Lee, C.; Rhoulac Smith, T.; Zhu, X.; Yang, Y. Impact of the safe routes to school program on walking and bicycling. J. Am. Plan. Assoc. 2014, 80, 153–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buliung, R.N.; Mitra, R.; Faulkner, G. Active school transportation in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada: An exploration of trends in space and time (1986–2006). Prev. Med. 2009, 48, 507–512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chillón, P.; Martínez-Gómez, D.; Ortega, F.B.; Pérez-López, I.J.; Díaz, L.E.; Veses, A.M.; Veiga, O.L.; Marcos, A.; Delgado-Fernández, M. Six-year trend in active commuting to school in Spanish adolescents. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2013, 20, 529–537. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, Y.; Liu, Y.; Tao, F.B. Associations between active commuting to school, body fat, and mental well-being: Population-based, cross-sectional study in China. J. Adolesc. Health 2015, 57, 679–685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bringolf-Isler, B.; Grize, L.; Mäder, U.; Ruch, N.; Sennhauser, F.H.; Braun-Fahrländer, C. Personal and environmental factors associated with active commuting to school in Switzerland. Prev. Med. 2008, 46, 67–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vanwolleghem, G.; Van Dyck, D.; De Meester, F.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.; Cardon, G.; Gheysen, F. Which socio-ecological factor sassociate with a switch to orma intenance of active and passive transport during the transition from primary to secondary school? PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0156531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rodríguez-López, C.; Villa-González, E.; Pérez-López, I.J.; Delgado-Fernández, M.; Ruiz, J.R.; Chillón, P. Family factors influence active commuting to school in spanish children. Nutr. Hosp. 2013, 28, 756–763. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Chillón, P.; Herrador-Colmenero, M.; Migueles, J.H.; Cabanas-Sánchez, V.; Fernández-Santos, J.R.; Veiga, O.L.; Castro-Piñero, J. Convervent validation of a questionnaire to assess the mode and frequency of commuting to and from school. Scand. J. Public Health. 2017, 45, 612–620. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herrador-Colmenero, M.; Pérez-García, M.; Ruiz, J.R.; Chillón, P. Assessing modes and frequency of commuting to school in youngsters: A systematic review. Pediatr. Exerc. Sci. 2014, 26, 291–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pabayo, R.; Gauvin, L. Proportions of students who use various modes of transportation to and from school in a representative population-based sample of children and adolescents, 1999. Prev. Med. 2008, 46, 63–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Evenson, K.R.; Huston, S.L.; McMillen, B.J.; Bors, P.; Ward, D.S. State wide prevalence and correlates of walking and bicycling to school. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 2003, 157, 887–892. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aarts, M.J.; Mathijssen, J.J.; van Oers, J.A.; Schuit, A.J. Associations between environmental characteristics and active commuting to school among children: A cross-sectional study. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2013, 20, 538–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- MINVU. Vialidad Ciclo-Inclusiva; Ministerio de Vivienda y Urbanismo: Santiago, Chile, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Djurhuus, S.; Hansen, H.S.; Aadahl, M.; Glümer, C. The association between access to public transportation and self-reported active commuting. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2014, 11, 12632–12651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bopp, M.; Bopp, C.; Schuchert, M. Active Transportation to and on Campus is Associated with Objectively Measured Fitness Outcomes among College Students. J. Phys. Act. Health 2015, 12, 418–423. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Merom, D.; Tudor-Locke, C.; Bauman, A.; Rissel, C. Active commuting to school among NSW primary schoolchildren: Implications for public health. Health Place 2006, 12, 678–687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Timperio, A.; Ball, K.; Salmon, J.; Roberts, R.; Giles-Corti, B.; Simmons, D.; Baur, L.; Crawford, D. Personal, family, social, and environmental correlates of active commuting to school. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2006, 30, 45–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gutiérrez-Zornoza, M.; Sánchez-López, M.; García-Hermoso, A.; González-García, A.; Chillón, P.; Martínez-Vizcaíno, V. Active Commuting to School, Weight Status, and Cardiometabolic Risk in Children From Rural Areas The Cuenca Study. Health Educ. Behav. 2014, 42, 231–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodríguez-López, C.; Salas-Fariña, Z.M.; Villa-González, E.; Borges-Cosic, M.; Herrador-Colmenero, M.; Medina-Casaubón, J.; Ortega, F.; Chillón, P. The threshold distance associated with walking from home to school. Health Educ. Behav. 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chillón, P.; Panter, J.; Corder, K.; Jones, A.P.; Van Sluijs, E.M. A longitudinal study of the distance that young people walk to school. Health Place 2015, 31, 133–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Characteristics | Overall | Children | Adolescents | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | n | (%) | n | (%) | |
All | 453 | (100) | 171 | (37.7) | 282 | (60.6) |
Gender | ||||||
Male | 228 | (50.3) | 86 | (50.3) | 142 | (50.4) |
Female | 225 | (49.7) | 85 | (49.7) | 140 | (49.6) |
Type of school | ||||||
Private School | 258 | (57.0) | 85 | (49.7) | 173 | (61.3) |
Public School | 195 | (43.0) | 91 | (53.2) | 104 | (36.9) |
Age (mean + SD) | 12.7 | ±2.0 | 10.6 | ±0.6 | 13,9 | ±1.5 |
Children | Adolescents | ||||||
To School | Overall | Boys | Girls | Overall | Boys | Girls | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p-Value | |
Active commuting | |||||||
Walking | 15 (8.9) | 9 (10.7) | 6 (7.1) | 59 (23.3) | 31 (25.4) | 28 (21.4) | <0.001 |
Bicycle | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | - |
Non-active commuting | |||||||
Car | 109 (64.9) | 54 (64.3) | 55 (65.5) | 127 (50.2) | 54 (44.3) | 73 (55.7) | 0.003 |
School Bus | 12 (7.1) | 8 (9.5) | 4 (4.8) | 6 (2.4) | 4 (3.3) | 2 (1.5) | <0.001 |
Public Bus | 4 (2.4) | 3 (3.6) | 1 (1.2) | 57 (22.5) | 33 (27.0) | 24 (18.3) | 0.018 |
Metro/Train | 3 (1.8) | 2 (2.4) | 1.2 (1) | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.5) | 0.356 |
Motorcycle | 25 (14.9) | 8 (9.5) | 17 (20.2) | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.5) | <0.001 |
Children | Adolescents | ||||||
From School | Overall | Boys | Girls | Overall | Boys | Girls | |
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | p-Value | |
Active commuting | |||||||
Walking | 23 (13.1) | 14 (15.7) | 9 (10.7) | 81 (32.2) | 44 (36.4) | 37 (28.5) | <0.001 |
Bicycle | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | - |
Non-active commuting | |||||||
Car | 86 (51.2) | 45 (53.6) | 41 (48.8) | 62 (24.7) | 28 (23.1) | 34 (26.2) | <0.001 |
School Bus | 25 (14.9) | 9 (10.7) | 16 (19.0) | 8 (3.2) | 1 (0.8) | 7 (5.4) | <0.001 |
Public Bus | 6 (3.6) | 4 (4.8) | 2 (2.4) | 94 (37.5) | 48 (39.7) | 46 (35.4) | <0.001 |
Metro/Train | 2 (1.2) | 2 (2.4) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (1.6) | 0 (0.0) | 4 (3.1) | 0.734 |
Motorcycle | 26 (15.5) | 10 (11.9) | 16 (19.0) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.8) | <0.001 |
Distance | Children | Adolescents | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | (n) | % | (n) | p-Value | |
0–0.5 km | 13.1% | (22) | 16.1% | (41) | 0.711 |
0.6–1 km | 13.7% | (23) | 14.5% | (37) | 0.056 |
1.1–2 km | 14.3% | (24) | 13.3% | (34) | 0.078 |
2.1–3 km | 9.5% | (16) | 8.2% | (21) | 0.211 |
3.1–5 km | 13.1% | (22) | 10.6% | (27) | 0.621 |
>5 km | 36.3% | (61) | 37.3% | (95) | 0.039 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Rodríguez-Rodríguez, F.; Cristi-Montero, C.; Celis-Morales, C.; Escobar-Gómez, D.; Chillón, P. Impact of Distance on Mode of Active Commuting in Chilean Children and Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1334. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111334
Rodríguez-Rodríguez F, Cristi-Montero C, Celis-Morales C, Escobar-Gómez D, Chillón P. Impact of Distance on Mode of Active Commuting in Chilean Children and Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(11):1334. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111334
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez-Rodríguez, Fernando, Carlos Cristi-Montero, Carlos Celis-Morales, Danica Escobar-Gómez, and Palma Chillón. 2017. "Impact of Distance on Mode of Active Commuting in Chilean Children and Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 11: 1334. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111334