Benefits of Multidimensional Measures of Child Well Being in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Evolution of Multi-Dimensional Measures of Child Well Being
3. Poverty and Child Well-Being in China
4. Multi-Dimensional Measures of Child Well-Being in China
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dimensions | Child Well-Being in the Pacific Rim—Lau and Bradshaw [49] 1 | Child Prosperity Index across G20 Countries—Save the Children [50] | Children in China: An Atlas of Social Indicators—UNICEF [44] | Report on the State of Children in China—Chen, Yang, and Ren [51] | Multidimen-Sional Child Poverty Index—Qi and Wu [29] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Economic well-being | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Home environment | |||||
Community context | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Family context | √ | N/A | N/A | √ | N/A |
Safety/risk behaviors | √ | √ | √ | N/A | N/A |
Health | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Education | N/A | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Emotional/subjective well-being | √ | N/A | N/A | √ | N/A |
Social relationships | N/A | N/A | N/A | √ | N/A |
Gender equality | N/A | √ | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Characteristics | |||||
Children’s perspective | √ | N/A | N/A | √ | N/A |
Construction of indicators | Composite index | Composite index | Individual indicators | Individual indicators | Composite index |
Data type & source | Aggregated (international sampled surveys and databases) | Aggregated (international sampled surveys and databases) | Aggregated (national administrative data and regional sampled surveys) | Micro-data (China Family Panel Studies) | Micro-data (China Health and Nutrition Survey) |
Age range | 0–19 | 0–19 2 | 0–17 2 | 0–15 | 0–18 |
Child-centered indicators used | All dimensions, except income poverty and facilities component. | Life expectancy at birth, child mortality rate, overweight and obesity prevalence, PISA scores, youth unemployment. | Most indicators in the health, education, and safety/risk behaviors dimensions. | All dimensions, except some indicators in the economic and community context dimensions. | All indicators measure whether children are deprived in a certain condition. |
Dimension/Indicators | Source | Frequency of Collection | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
Economic Well-Being | |||
Child poverty rate (under 18) | China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) | Bi-annually | CFPS sampled in 25 provinces, even though these provinces account for 95% of the Chinese population; reliability of self-report; secure parental employment rate is not a child-centered indicator. |
Median annual income (all families with children under 18) | |||
Secure parental employment rate 1 (all families with children under 18) | |||
Physical Health | |||
Infant and under-5 mortality rate | China Health and Family Planning Statistical Yearbook (CHFPSY) | Annually | Data are drawn from the Maternal and Child Health Monitoring System covering 334 districts and counties around the nation [31]. |
Mortality rate (age 1–19) | China Population and Employment Statistics Yearbook | Annually | |
Low birth weight | CHFPSY | Annually | |
Immunization and vaccination rates (under 7) | NPA monitoring Statistics | Annually | Data available on each vaccine and immunization coverage. |
Exclusive breastfeeding (<6 months) | NPA monitoring Statistics | Annually | |
Moderate and severe malnutrition, under−5 | CHFPSY | Annually | Lack of nutrition status for older children. |
Underweight, under−5 | NPA monitoring Statistics | Annually | |
Obesity (age 7–17) | China Nutrition and Health Surveillance System (CNHSS) | Every 4–5 years | Relatively low frequency of data collection. |
Exercising frequently (age 6–17) 2 | CNHSS | Every 4–5 years | Relatively low frequency of data collection. |
System administration rate of children under 3 years old | CHFPSY | Annually | |
Health care administration rate of children under 7 years old | CHFPSY | Annually | |
Rate of Children with health insurance (both public and private insurances) (age 0–15) | CFPS | Bi-annually | Reliability of parent-report. |
Emotional Health and Social Relationships | |||
Suicide rate (age 0–15 or 0–20) | CHFPSY | Annually | Data are divided by urban and rural areas, gender specific data are available for both urban and rural areas. |
Depression (%) (age 10–15) | CFPS | Bi-annually | Not a diagnostic result; only covers 10–15 age group. |
Lack good personal relations (age 10–15) | CFPS | Bi-annually | Reliability of self-report; only covers 10–15 age group. |
Lack good social skills (age 10–15) | CFPS | Bi-annually | Reliability of self-report; only covers 10–15 age group. |
Education | |||
Gross enrolment ratio in three-year pre-primary education (age 3–5) | Educational Statistics Yearbook of China | Annually | |
Cohort survival rate in 9-year compulsory education 3 | National Educational Development Statistical Bulletin (NEDSB) | Annually | |
Promotion rate of junior secondary school graduates | Educational Statistics Yearbook of China | Annually | |
Number of children affected by migration enrolled in 9-year compulsory education 4 | China Statistical Yearbook | Annually | |
Mean test scores of vocabulary and math (age 10–15) | CFPS | Bi-annually | Measurement is developed by the study, not a national standardized test. |
Mean test scores of math (age 10–15) | CFPS | Bi-annually | Measurement is developed by the study, not a national standardized test. |
Safety and Risk Behaviors | |||
Adolescent fertility rate (per 1000 women) (age 15–19) | China Statistical Yearbook | Annually | |
Injury-related death rate (under 18) | NPA Monitoring Statistics | Annually | |
Rate of alcohol drinking (age 15–17) | CNHSS | Every 4–5 years | Relatively low frequency of data collection. |
Proportion of juvenile delinquents among criminal offenders (under 18) | NPA Monitoring Statistics | Annually | |
Living Environment | |||
Percentage of population benefiting from drinking water improvement in rural areas | CHFPSY | Annually | Not child-centered indicator; lack of information for urban areas. |
Access rate to sanitary toilets in rural areas | CHFPSY | Annually | Not child-centered indicator; lack of information for urban areas. |
Parents communicate with child (age 6–15) | CFPS | Bi-annually | Reliability of parent-report. |
Parents read to child (age 3–5) | CFPS | Bi-annually | Reliability of parent-report. |
House crowding for 0–15 year olds or 0–18 year olds | CFPS | Bi-annually | Not child-centered indicator; lack of children’s subjective feelings. |
Indivisible | Reinforcing | Enabling | Consistent | Constraining | Counteracting | Cancelling |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+3 | +2 | +1 | 0 | −1 | −2 | −3 |
One dimension is highly interlinked with another. Strong positive relationship. | One dimension directly creates conditions that lead to the implementation of another objective. | Pursuing one dimension facilitates the betterment of another dimension. | Neutral relationship among dimensions. One dimension is unlikely to affect the other. | Mildly negative relationship. Improvement in one dimension may negatively affect the other dimension. | Improving one objective negatively affects the other dimension. | Furthering one dimension clearly diminishes progress in the other dimension. |
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Gatenio Gabel, S.; Zhang, Y. Benefits of Multidimensional Measures of Child Well Being in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111349
Gatenio Gabel S, Zhang Y. Benefits of Multidimensional Measures of Child Well Being in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(11):1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111349
Chicago/Turabian StyleGatenio Gabel, Shirley, and Yiwei Zhang. 2017. "Benefits of Multidimensional Measures of Child Well Being in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 11: 1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14111349