Accumulation of De-Icing Salt and Leaching in Spanish Soils Surrounding Roadways
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Research Area and Soil Sampling
- (1)
- Winter (application of de-icing salt): from January to February 2014.
- (2)
- Spring (melting time): from April to June 2014.
- (3)
- Late summer (control): September 2014.
2.2. Experimental Procedure
2.2.1. Technical Characterisation
2.2.2. Parameters Considered for Characterisation and Evaluation of the Effect of Salt on the Studied Soil
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Salinity of the Studied Soils
3.2. Sodicity of Studied Soils
3.3. Environmental Implications
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CEC | Cation Exchangeable Capacity |
CP | Canfranc (sampling point) |
CSPS | Soil Property Databases of Spanish Soils |
DGT | Direction General of Traffic of Spain |
DPSIR | Force-pressure-state-impact-response |
DS | De-icing salts |
EC | Electrical Conductivity (measurement of salinity) |
EEA | European Environmental Agency |
ESP | Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (measurement of sodicity) |
ESR | Exchangeable Sodium Ratio |
JC | Jaca (Sampling Point) |
NRCS | Natural Resources Conservation Service |
LT gray | Light gray |
RS | Rioseta (sampling point) |
SAR | Sodium Adsorption Ratio |
SP | Saturation Percentage |
UTM | Universal Transverse Mercator coordinate system |
VJ | Villajuanita (sampling point) |
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Estimation of Saturation Percentage (SP) of Studied Soils
Point (zone) | Clay Average (%) | Silt Average (%) | Sand Average (%) | SP ± 6.89 |
---|---|---|---|---|
RS and CP | 25 | 38 | 37 | 48 |
VJ and JC | 16 | 11 | 70 | 57 |
Appendix A.2. Environmental Implications
Appendix A.2.1. Main Factors Affecting Plant Growth
Appendix A.2.2. Force-PRESSURE-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) Approach
Appendix A.2.3. Results on Overall Environmental Impact of De-Icing Salt on the Vegetation Surrounding the Road
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Zone | Length (km) | Sampling Points | UTM Coordinates |
---|---|---|---|
1 | 14.9 | Rioseta (RS) | Huso 30 X: 7013.53 m; Y: 4,738,572.32 m; Z: 1399 m |
Canfranc (CP) | Huso 30 X: 702,476.7 m; Y: 4,730,979.37 m; Z: 1004 m | ||
2 | 13.8 | Villajuanita (VJ) | Huso 30 X: 700,127.46 m; Y: 4,725,426.96 m; Z: 922 m |
3 | 14.9 | Jaca (JC) | Huso 30 X: 696,368.79 m; Y: 4,714,147.81 m; Z: 724 m |
Class of Soil | EC (dS/m) | SAR | ESP |
---|---|---|---|
Normal | Below 4.0 | Below 13 | Below 15 |
Saline | Above 4.0 | Below 13 | Below 15 |
Sodic | Below 4.0 | Above 13 | Above 15 |
Saline-sodic | Above 4.0 | Above 13 | Above 15 |
Point (Zone) | Equation | R2 |
---|---|---|
RS | ESR = 0.0354 + 0.0225 (SAR) | 0.18 |
CP | ESR = 0.0104 + 0.1952 (SAR) | 0.04 |
VJ | ESR = 0.6641 − 0.2179 (SAR) | 0.42 |
JC | ESR = 0.1027 + 0.043 (SAR) | 0.43 |
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Asensio, E.; Ferreira, V.J.; Gil, G.; García-Armingol, T.; López-Sabirón, A.M.; Ferreira, G. Accumulation of De-Icing Salt and Leaching in Spanish Soils Surrounding Roadways. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 1498. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121498
Asensio E, Ferreira VJ, Gil G, García-Armingol T, López-Sabirón AM, Ferreira G. Accumulation of De-Icing Salt and Leaching in Spanish Soils Surrounding Roadways. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(12):1498. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121498
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsensio, Esther, Víctor J. Ferreira, Gonzalo Gil, Tatiana García-Armingol, Ana M. López-Sabirón, and Germán Ferreira. 2017. "Accumulation of De-Icing Salt and Leaching in Spanish Soils Surrounding Roadways" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 12: 1498. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14121498