Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Parallel Wireless Power Transfer Systems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Computational Models and Methods
2.1. FEA Model and Cricuit Model
2.2. Computational Methods
3. Exposure Scenarios
3.1. Magnetic Field Leakage
3.2. Induced Electric Field in the Human Body
3.3. SAR in Typical Tissues
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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f = 1 MHz | Self-Inductance (μH) | Resistance (mΩ) | Matched Capacitance (nF) | Coupling Coefficient |
---|---|---|---|---|
Tx loop | 1.196 | 12.316 | 21.170 | k12 = 0.608 k23 = 0.173 k34 = 0.607 |
Tx coil | 21.938 | 106.660 | 1.155 | |
Rx coil | 21.938 | 104.233 | 1.155 | |
Rx loop | 1.197 | 12.126 | 21.154 |
Tissues of Human Model | Relative Permittivity | Relative Permeability | Conductivity (S/m) | Density (kg/m3) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fat | 50.8 | 1 | 0.044 | 911 |
Muscle | 1840 | 1 | 0.503 | 1090 |
Brain | 860 | 1 | 0.163 | 1045 |
Heart | 1970 | 1 | 0.328 | 1081 |
Liver | 1540 | 1 | 0.187 | 1079 |
spleen | 2290 | 1 | 0.182 | 1089 |
Lung | 733 | 1 | 0.136 | 394 |
Kidney | 2250 | 1 | 0.278 | 1066 |
Bone | 145 | 1 | 0.024 | 1908 |
V1 = 925.5 V Po = 3.3 kW | RMS Value (A) | Phase (Degree) |
---|---|---|
I1 | 13.5 | −4.4 |
I2 | 13.9 | −69.8 |
I3 | 9.7 | −169.4 |
I4 | 18.2 | 118.1 |
Position A Case 1 Case 2 | 0° | 60° | 120° | 180° | 240° | 300° | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brain | 4.5 × 10−7 1.6 × 10−5 | 6.8 × 10−7 2.8 × 10−5 | 6.2 × 10−7 2.1 × 10−5 | 4.0 × 10−7 1.5 × 10−5 | 3.0 × 10−7 1.6 × 10−5 | 2.9 × 10−7 2.1 × 10−5 | 4.6 × 10−7 2.0 × 10−5 |
Heart | 3.2 × 10−7 4.9 × 10−5 | 3.6 × 10−7 5.6 × 10−5 | 4.5 × 10−7 4.5 × 10−5 | 1.9 × 10−7 4.4 × 10−5 | 1.6 × 10−7 4.7 × 10−5 | 4.9 × 10−7 4.9 × 10−5 | 3.3 × 10−7 4.8 × 10−5 |
Liver | 2.1 × 10−10 1.7 × 10−8 | 4.0 × 10−10 2.1 × 10−8 | 1.8 × 10−10 2.5 × 10−8 | 2.1 × 10−10 1.7 × 10−8 | 4.0 × 10−10 2.3 × 10−8 | 1.9 × 10−10 2.6 × 10−8 | 2.7 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−8 |
spleen | 7.3 × 10−7 1.1 × 10−5 | 7.0 × 10−7 6.9 × 10−5 | 5.8 × 10−7 1.2 × 10−4 | 8.8 × 10−7 9.9 × 10−6 | 6.7 × 10−7 7.2 × 10−5 | 7.1 × 10−7 1.1 × 10−4 | 7.1 × 10−7 6.5 × 10−5 |
Lung | 2.5 × 10−6 1.6 × 10−4 | 3.5 × 10−6 3.9 × 10−4 | 2.2 × 10−6 3.2 × 10−4 | 2.9 × 10−6 1.6 × 10−4 | 3.5 × 10−6 4.5 × 10−4 | 3.0 × 10−6 3.2 × 10−4 | 2.9 × 10−6 3.0 × 10−4 |
Kidney | 1.0 × 10−6 3.2 × 10−5 | 8.0 × 10−7 8.6 × 10−5 | 7.7 × 10−7 1.2 × 10−4 | 1.0 × 10−6 3.3 × 10−5 | 1.1 × 10−6 8.8 × 10−5 | 9.3 × 10−7 1.1 × 10−4 | 9.3 × 10−7 7.8 × 10−5 |
Head, trunk and limbs | 0.014 0.194 | 0.020 0.016 | 0.009 0.282 | 0.005 0.092 | 0.020 0.028 | 0.019 0.104 | 0.015 0.119 |
Position B Case 1 Case 2 | 0° | 60° | 120° | 180° | 240° | 300° | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brain | 4.3 × 10−6 2.5 × 10−6 | 5.0 × 10−6 3.0 × 10−6 | 4.2 × 10−6 2.6 × 10−6 | 3.7 × 10−6 4.2 × 10−6 | 4.0 × 10−6 2.1 × 10−6 | 6.2 × 10−6 2.7 × 10−6 | 4.6 × 10−6 2.9 × 10−6 |
Heart | 3.9 × 10−6 8.2 × 10−6 | 7.9 × 10−6 5.0 × 10−6 | 7.3 × 10−6 1.1 × 10−5 | 4.3 × 10−6 6.8 × 10−6 | 7.6 × 10−6 6.7 × 10−6 | 1.9 × 10−5 6.9 × 10−6 | 8.3 × 10−6 7.4 × 10−6 |
Liver | 3.0 × 10−9 3.6 × 10−9 | 3.7 × 10−9 3.5 × 10−9 | 3.9 × 10−9 1.8 × 10−9 | 2.5 × 10−9 3.8 × 10−9 | 3.4 × 10−9 4.8 × 10−9 | 3.8 × 10−9 1.5 × 10−9 | 3.4 × 10−9 3.2 × 10−9 |
spleen | 1.4 × 10−6 1.2 × 10−5 | 1.1 × 10−5 5.4 × 10−6 | 1.4 × 10−5 4.6 × 10−6 | 1.5 × 10−6 8.9 × 10−6 | 1.4 × 10−5 5.7 × 10−6 | 1.4 × 10−5 5.1 × 10−6 | 9.3 × 10−6 7.0 × 10−6 |
Lung | 2.5 × 10−5 6.5 × 10−5 | 4.8 × 10−5 2.3 × 10−5 | 5.1 × 10−5 3.6 × 10−5 | 1.9 × 10−5 3.5 × 10−5 | 6.2 × 10−5 2.3 × 10−5 | 5.2 × 10−5 2.4 × 10−5 | 4.3 × 10−5 3.4 × 10−5 |
Kidney | 4.2 × 10−6 1.4 × 10−5 | 1.0 × 10−5 8.6 × 10−6 | 2.2 × 10−5 6.2 × 10−6 | 4.7 × 10−6 7.4 × 10−6 | 1.5 × 10−5 8.4 × 10−6 | 1.8 × 10−5 7.8 × 10−6 | 1.2 × 10−5 8.7 × 10−6 |
Head, trunk and limbs | 0.085 0.002 | 0.006 0.012 | 0.020 0.056 | 0.018 0.001 | 0.010 0.008 | 0.007 0.015 | 0.024 0.016 |
Position C Case 1 Case 2 | 0° | 60° | 120° | 180° | 240° | 300° | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brain | 5.2 × 10−7 3.4 × 10−7 | 5.8 × 10−7 4.7 × 10−7 | 5.5 × 10−7 4.1 × 10−7 | 9.0 × 10−7 2.7 × 10−7 | 5.7 × 10−7 3.9 × 10−7 | 5.6 × 10−7 5.4 × 10−7 | 6.1 × 10−7 4.0 × 10−7 |
Heart | 4.2 × 10−7 5.0 × 10−7 | 1.2 × 10−6 4.0 × 10−7 | 1.2 × 10−6 4.4 × 10−7 | 8.6 × 10−7 3.9 × 10−7 | 1.4 × 10−6 7.7 × 10−7 | 8.7 × 10−7 3.5 × 10−7 | 9.9 × 10−7 4.8 × 10−7 |
Liver | 3.8 × 10−10 1.3 × 10−10 | 3.7 × 10−10 1.9 × 10−10 | 4.1 × 10−10 2.1 × 10−10 | 6.5 × 10−10 1.1 × 10−10 | 3.9 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−10 | 9.0 × 10−10 1.9 × 10−10 | 5.2 × 10−10 1.8 × 10−10 |
spleen | 1.5 × 10−6 5.9 × 10−8 | 7.8 × 10−7 5.5 × 10−7 | 7.2 × 10−7 4.9 × 10−7 | 1.6 × 10−6 6.7 × 10−8 | 7.5 × 10−7 5.4 × 10−7 | 9.5 × 10−7 5.6 × 10−7 | 1.1 × 10−6 3.2 × 10−7 |
Lung | 1.2 × 10−5 9.0 × 10−7 | 4.9 × 10−6 2.4 × 10−6 | 3.4 × 10−6 4.0 × 10−6 | 5.4 × 10−6 1.6 × 10−6 | 3.9 × 10−6 3.2 × 10−6 | 4.8 × 10−6 3.0 × 10−6 | 5.7 × 10−6 2.5 × 10−6 |
Kidney | 1.5 × 10−6 1.8 × 10−7 | 1.5 × 10−6 4.9 × 10−7 | 7.6 × 10−7 1.0 × 10−6 | 1.1 × 10−6 2.1 × 10−7 | 8.0 × 10−7 6.2 × 10−7 | 1.2 × 10−6 5.2 × 10−7 | 1.1 × 10−6 5.0 × 10−7 |
Head, trunk and limbs | 1.5 × 10−4 1.0 × 10−2 | 2.3 × 10−3 5.0 × 10−4 | 4.6 × 10−3 9.4 × 10−4 | 2.2 × 10−4 2.3 × 10−3 | 5.1 × 10−3 1.2 × 10−3 | 1.6e-2 6.4 × 10−3 | 4.7 × 10−3 2.6 × 10−3 |
Position D Case 1 Case 2 | 0° | 60° | 120° | 180° | 240° | 300° | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brain | 6.1 × 10−7 5.2 × 10−7 | 8.4 × 10−7 4.6 × 10−7 | 6.6 × 10−7 4.6 × 10−7 | 6.4 × 10−7 4.6 × 10−7 | 6.4 × 10−7 2.8 × 10−7 | 6.7 × 10−7 4.1 × 10−7 | 6.8 × 10−7 4.3 × 10−7 |
Heart | 4.4 × 10−7 5.2 × 10−7 | 1.2 × 10−6 6.8 × 10−7 | 1.2 × 10−6 3.9 × 10−7 | 1.3 × 10−6 6.5 × 10−7 | 1.2 × 10−6 5.6 × 10−7 | 1.1 × 10−6 7.2 × 10−7 | 1.1 × 10−6 5.9 × 10−7 |
Liver | 3.7 × 10−10 2.7 × 10−10 | 4.0 × 10−10 2.1 × 10−10 | 2.8 × 10−10 2.4 × 10−10 | 5.7 × 10−10 3.1 × 10−10 | 3.6 × 10−10 1.8 × 10−10 | 2.8 × 10−10 2.2 × 10−10 | 3.8 × 10−10 2.4 × 10−10 |
spleen | 1.6 × 10−6 8.0 × 10−7 | 6.6 × 10−7 1.3 × 10−7 | 6.5 × 10−7 1.0 × 10−6 | 1.6 × 10−6 9.8 × 10−7 | 7.8 × 10−7 2.0 × 10−7 | 9.5 × 10−7 9.1 × 10−7 | 1.0 × 10−6 6.7 × 10−7 |
Lung | 1.1 × 10−5 4.4 × 10−6 | 4.2 × 10−6 1.8 × 10−6 | 3.9 × 10−6 3.2 × 10−6 | 5.7 × 10−6 3.2 × 10−6 | 3.2 × 10−6 1.6 × 10−6 | 6.0 × 10−6 5.7 × 10−6 | 5.7 × 10−6 3.3 × 10−6 |
Kidney | 2.1 × 10−6 1.4 × 10−6 | 1.7 × 10−6 5.2 × 10−7 | 8.7 × 10−7 6.2 × 10−7 | 1.1 × 10−6 8.1 × 10−7 | 9.5 × 10−7 4.0 × 10−7 | 1.4 × 10−6 9.7 × 10−7 | 1.4 × 10−6 7.9 × 10−7 |
Head, trunk and limbs | 6.0 × 10−4 1.1 × 10−3 | 2.3 × 10−3 1.7 × 10−3 | 5.9 × 10−3 1.4 × 10−3 | 3.6 × 10−4 4.6 × 10−4 | 1.2 × 10−3 1.3 × 10−3 | 2.2 × 10−3 6.9 × 10−4 | 2.1 × 10−3 1.1 × 10−3 |
Position E Case 1 Case 2 | 0° | 60° | 120° | 180° | 240° | 300° | Average |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brain | 2.3 × 10−7 1.4 × 10−7 | 2.7 × 10−7 1.6 × 10−7 | 1.8 × 10−7 1.3 × 10−7 | 3.8 × 10−7 2.3 × 10−7 | 3.2 × 10−7 1.9 × 10−7 | 2.3 × 10−7 1.5 × 10−7 | 2.7 × 10−7 1.7 × 10−7 |
Heart | 2.0 × 10−7 1.1 × 10−7 | 5.1 × 10−7 3.9 × 10−7 | 4.7 × 10−7 2.6 × 10−7 | 4.1 × 10−7 2.5 × 10−7 | 4.7 × 10−7 2.6 × 10−7 | 2.9 × 10−7 2.3 × 10−7 | 3.9 × 10−7 2.5 × 10−7 |
Liver | 1.3 × 10−10 9.2 × 10−11 | 3.3 × 10−10 9.7 × 10−11 | 2.3 × 10−10 8.2 × 10−11 | 1.8 × 10−10 1.3 × 10−10 | 1.5 × 10−10 9.1 × 10−11 | 3.3 × 10−10 2.4 × 10−10 | 2.1 × 10−10 1.2 × 10−10 |
spleen | 4.7 × 10−7 3.0 × 10−7 | 3.5 × 10−7 1.9 × 10−7 | 2.0 × 10−7 1.5 × 10−7 | 4.6 × 10−7 3.1 × 10−7 | 3.2 × 10−7 1.8 × 10−7 | 2.6 × 10−7 1.9 × 10−7 | 3.4 × 10−7 2.2 × 10−7 |
Lung | 3.5 × 10−6 2.3 × 10−6 | 2.2 × 10−6 1.1 × 10−6 | 1.1 × 10−6 7.9 × 10−7 | 1.7 × 10−6 1.2 × 10−6 | 1.5 × 10−6 1.0 × 10−6 | 1.3 × 10−6 9.9 × 10−7 | 1.9 × 10−6 1.2 × 10−6 |
Kidney | 5.4 × 10−7 3.2 × 10−7 | 6.8 × 10−7 4.2 × 10−7 | 3.1 × 10−7 1.7 × 10−7 | 4.3 × 10−7 2.6 × 10−7 | 6.4 × 10−7 3.0 × 10−7 | 4.1 × 10−7 2.8 × 10−7 | 5.0 × 10−7 2.9 × 10−7 |
Head, trunk and limbs | 1.2 × 10−4 8.3 × 10−5 | 3.2 × 10−4 3.0 × 10−4 | 1.8 × 10−3 1.2 × 10−3 | 3.4 × 10−2 6.2 × 10−3 | 2.8 × 10−3 2.8 × 10−3 | 5.1 × 10−3 3.0 × 10−3 | 7.4 × 10−3 2.3 × 10−3 |
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Wen, F.; Huang, X. Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Parallel Wireless Power Transfer Systems. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020157
Wen F, Huang X. Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Parallel Wireless Power Transfer Systems. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(2):157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020157
Chicago/Turabian StyleWen, Feng, and Xueliang Huang. 2017. "Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields from Parallel Wireless Power Transfer Systems" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 2: 157. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14020157