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Volume 14
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Review

A Little Bug with a Big Bite: Impact of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestations on Forest Ecosystems in the Eastern USA and Potential Control Strategies

by
Amanda Letheren
1,
Stephanie Hill
1,
Jeanmarie Salie
1,
James Parkman
2,* and
Jiangang Chen
1,*
1
Department of Public Health, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
2
Lindsay Young Beneficial Insects Laboratory, Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(4), 438; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040438
Submission received: 26 February 2017 / Revised: 15 April 2017 / Accepted: 15 April 2017 / Published: 19 April 2017
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand, HWA) remains the single greatest threat to the health and sustainability of hemlock in the eastern USA. The loss of hemlock trees leads to further negative impacts on the diversity and stability of ecosystems in the eastern part of North America. It is, therefore, urgent to develop effective control measures to reduce HWA populations and promote overall hemlock health. Currently available individual and integrated approaches should continue to be evaluated in the laboratory and in the field along with the development of other new and innovative methods.
Keywords: hemlock trees; hemlock woolly adelgid; Adelges tsugae; pest management and policy hemlock trees; hemlock woolly adelgid; Adelges tsugae; pest management and policy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Letheren, A.; Hill, S.; Salie, J.; Parkman, J.; Chen, J. A Little Bug with a Big Bite: Impact of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestations on Forest Ecosystems in the Eastern USA and Potential Control Strategies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040438

AMA Style

Letheren A, Hill S, Salie J, Parkman J, Chen J. A Little Bug with a Big Bite: Impact of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestations on Forest Ecosystems in the Eastern USA and Potential Control Strategies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(4):438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040438

Chicago/Turabian Style

Letheren, Amanda, Stephanie Hill, Jeanmarie Salie, James Parkman, and Jiangang Chen. 2017. "A Little Bug with a Big Bite: Impact of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestations on Forest Ecosystems in the Eastern USA and Potential Control Strategies" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 4: 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040438

APA Style

Letheren, A., Hill, S., Salie, J., Parkman, J., & Chen, J. (2017). A Little Bug with a Big Bite: Impact of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Infestations on Forest Ecosystems in the Eastern USA and Potential Control Strategies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(4), 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14040438

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