The Relationship of PM Variation with Visibility and Mixing-Layer Height under Hazy/Foggy Conditions in the Multi-Cities of Northeast China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Annual Average of Visibility, PM Mass Concentration and MLH in the Four Sites
3.2. Monthly and Seasonal Variations of Visibility, MLH and Meteorology in the Four Sites
3.3. Monthly Variations of Coarse and Fine Mode Particles Mass Concentration in the Four Sites
3.4. Relationship between Visibility, PM-Mass Concentration and MLH
3.5. Variations in Visibility and PM during Pollution Episodes
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The lower annual mean visibility in the multi-cities of central Liaoning suggests a poor atmospheric quality in Northeast China. The pollution load (PM × MLH) shows the higher PM concentration in the near-surface with a weaker vertical diffusion in Anshan. The highest pollution load (PM × MLH) in Shenyang may be due to the contributions of pollutant transportation and local emission sources.
- (2)
- The monthly variation of MLH may be related to the seasonal radiation flux during the year that affects visibility by vertical pollutant diffusion. The increased fine-particle concentration from September to November and even into January in the next year was partially attributed to the biomass-burning emissions and heating sources under lower MLH in winter.
- (3)
- The MLH may have more effect on fine mode particles than coarse mode particles.
- (4)
- The MLH on the non-hazy/foggy days was about 1.2 and 1.5 times higher than that on hazy and foggy days. This indicates that the MLH during fog events shows a more declining trend than during haze events, a fact that indicates the relatively large impact of dynamic effects on fog pollution in the multi-cities of central Liaoning.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sites | Visibility (km) | PM10 (μg/m3) | PM2.5 (μg/m3) | PM1.0 (μg/m3) |
Shenyang | 13.7 ± 7.8 | 69.8 ± 37.6 | 49.1 ± 27.3 | 43.1 ± 26.2 |
Anshan | 13.5 ± 6.5 | 102.0 ± 63.3 | 58.8 ± 36.3 | 49.2 ± 31.8 |
Benxi | 12.8 ± 6.1 | 81.8 ± 45.3 | 56.4 ± 33.1 | 47.5 ± 29.2 |
Fushun | 11.5 ± 6.8 | 71.8 ± 55.2 | 43.9 ± 28.9 | 37.2 ± 25.5 |
Sites | PM10 × MLH (mg/m2) | PM2.5 × MLH (mg/m2) | PM1.0 × MLH (mg/m2) | MLH (m) |
Shenyang | 35.5 ± 21.3 | 24.5 ± 14.0 | 21.3 ± 12.9 | 535.8 ± 207.0 |
Anshan | 51.7 ± 40.5 | 28.1 ± 17.2 | 23.3 ± 14.7 | 517.4 ± 212.7 |
Benxi | 35.8 ± 23.5 | 23.8 ± 13.2 | 19.8 ± 11.5 | 457.6 ± 195.9 |
Fushun | 33.7 ± 30.9 | 19.7 ± 12.7 | 16.5 ± 10.4 | 484.1 ± 191.0 |
Site | PM10 vs. MLH | PM2.5 vs. MLH | PM1.0 vs. MLH | VIS vs. MLH |
---|---|---|---|---|
Shenyang | −0.24 | −0.31 | −0.33 | 0.32 |
Anshan | −0.05 | −0.27 | −0.30 | 0.28 |
Benxi | −0.20 | −0.33 | −0.35 | 0.42 |
Fushun | −0.14 | −0.33 | −0.36 | 0.40 |
Site | Shenyang | Anshan |
VIS (km)/RH (%)/WS (m/s)/MLH (m) | ||
Haze | 6.7 ± 2.1/74.4 ± 10.3/2.0 ± 0.8/467.7 ± 187.6 | 7.0 ± 2.1/66.8 ± 13.8/2.0 ± 0.9/449.3 ± 202.5 |
Fog | 6.1 ± 2.6/94.1 ± 3.1/1.8 ± 0.6/379.5 ± 174.3 | 6.3 ± 2.3/94.2 ± 2.6/1.9 ± 0.7/427.0 ± 161.2 |
Non hazy/foggy | 18.1 ± 6.8/63.3 ± 15.0/2.4 ± 0.9/585.5 ± 203.5 | 16.9 ± 5.3/54.7 ± 16.1/2.3 ± 0.9/555.0 ± 210.0 |
PM10/PM2.5/PM1.0 (μg/m3) | ||
Haze | 94.7 ± 38.9/70.8 ± 30.1/64.0 ± 28.7 | 126.9 ± 72.5/87.5 ± 44.3/75.2 ± 38.8 |
Fog | 82.6 ± 66.2/53.5 ± 27.8/48.6 ± 26.2 | 85.1 ± 64.0/71.4 ± 52.1/61.7 ± 40.2 |
Non haze-fog | 57.5 ± 26.4/38.4 ± 17.4/32.6 ± 16.8 | 92.2 ± 54.8/45.3 ± 19.7/36.9 ± 17.0 |
Site | Benxi | Fushun |
VIS (km)/RH (%)/WS (m/s)/MLH (m) | ||
Haze | 6.9 ± 2.1/70.5 ± 11.2/1.8 ± 0.6/376.3 ± 171.5 | 6.4 ± 2.2/73.2 ± 10.0/2.0 ± 0.7/410.1 ± 175.4 |
Fog | 6.1 ± 1.9/94.2 ± 2.9/1.4 ± 0.4/285.9 ± 104.8 | 6.0 ± 2.9/91.2 ± 1.0/1.5 ± 0.4/347.2 ± 117.6 |
Non hazy/foggy | 16.4 ± 4.9/60.4 ± 14.7/2.0 ± 0.6/499.0 ± 193.6 | 16.9 ± 5.8/68.6 ± 12.8/2.2 ± 0.8/511.0 ± 189.0 |
PM10/PM2.5/PM1.0 (μg/m3) | ||
Haze | 106.5 ± 47.2/80.0 ± 36.2/68.7 ± 32.6 | 93.2 ± 57.8/64.2 ± 32.3/55.2 ± 28.9 |
Fog | 100.0 ± 79.2/72.5 ± 49.9/58.6 ± 38.0 | 81.5 ± 105.1/51.4 ± 48.2/44.4 ± 41.0 |
Non haze-fog | 71.7 ± 38.2/46.4 ± 24.4/38.5 ± 21.3 | 68.1 ± 50.6/40.3 ± 25.9/34.1 ± 23.0 |
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Zhao, H.; Che, H.; Ma, Y.; Wang, Y.; Yang, H.; Liu, Y.; Wang, Y.; Wang, H.; Zhang, X. The Relationship of PM Variation with Visibility and Mixing-Layer Height under Hazy/Foggy Conditions in the Multi-Cities of Northeast China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050471
Zhao H, Che H, Ma Y, Wang Y, Yang H, Liu Y, Wang Y, Wang H, Zhang X. The Relationship of PM Variation with Visibility and Mixing-Layer Height under Hazy/Foggy Conditions in the Multi-Cities of Northeast China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(5):471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050471
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Hujia, Huizheng Che, Yanjun Ma, Yangfeng Wang, Hongbin Yang, Yuche Liu, Yaqiang Wang, Hong Wang, and Xiaoye Zhang. 2017. "The Relationship of PM Variation with Visibility and Mixing-Layer Height under Hazy/Foggy Conditions in the Multi-Cities of Northeast China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 5: 471. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14050471