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Article

Environmental Factors Associated with Type 1 Diabetes Development: A Case Control Study in Egypt

1
Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
2
Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 3551, Egypt
3
Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
4
Department of Community and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine (for girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
5
Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine (for girls), Al-Azhar University, Cairo 11651, Egypt
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14(6), 615; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060615
Submission received: 29 April 2017 / Revised: 1 June 2017 / Accepted: 3 June 2017 / Published: 7 June 2017
(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Health)

Abstract

Uncertainty still exists regarding the role of some environmental risk in the development of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) both globally and in Egypt. The objective here was to explore the potential environmental risk factors associated with the development of T1DM among children in Egypt. A case-controlled study of 204 T1DM children and an equal number of age and sex-matched controls was conducted in Assiut, Egypt. Data regarding the parental, gestational, neonatal, and childhood possible risk factors for T1DM were evaluated. The final sex adjusted multivariable logistic regression model revealed that the risk for T1DM was significantly higher among rural residents (aOR = 2.03, 95% CI: 1.30–4.25), those with parental history of T1DM (aOR = 9.03, 95% CI: 1.02–83.32), birth through cesarean section (aOR = 2.13, 95% CI: 1.09–5.03), and having history of early introduction of cow milk in the first year of life (aOR = 19.49, 95% CI: 8.73–45.53). On the other hand, a protective effect was observed between at least six months’ breastfeeding, vitamin D supplementation in the first year of life, high physical activity, and the development of T1DM. Educational programs should be adopted to improve awareness and knowledge of the parents to avoid the increased risk factors and encourage protective practices.
Keywords: type 1 diabetes; environment; risk factors; Egypt; children type 1 diabetes; environment; risk factors; Egypt; children

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MDPI and ACS Style

Awadalla, N.J.; Hegazy, A.A.; Abd El-Salam, M.; Elhady, M. Environmental Factors Associated with Type 1 Diabetes Development: A Case Control Study in Egypt. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060615

AMA Style

Awadalla NJ, Hegazy AA, Abd El-Salam M, Elhady M. Environmental Factors Associated with Type 1 Diabetes Development: A Case Control Study in Egypt. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(6):615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060615

Chicago/Turabian Style

Awadalla, Nabil J., Amal A. Hegazy, Manal Abd El-Salam, and Marwa Elhady. 2017. "Environmental Factors Associated with Type 1 Diabetes Development: A Case Control Study in Egypt" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 6: 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060615

APA Style

Awadalla, N. J., Hegazy, A. A., Abd El-Salam, M., & Elhady, M. (2017). Environmental Factors Associated with Type 1 Diabetes Development: A Case Control Study in Egypt. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 14(6), 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14060615

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