Children with Physical Disabilities at School and Home: Physical Activity and Contextual Characteristics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Observation System
2.2.2. Observation Procedures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants and Their Background
3.2. Descriptive Statistics of Physical Activity and Contextual Factors
3.3. Associations of Contextual Characteristics with Physical Activity
3.4. Predictors of Physical Activity at School and Home
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | Number | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 26 | 74.3 |
Female | 9 | 25.7 | |
Grade level | 4–6 | 10 | 28.6 |
7–9 | 11 | 31.4 | |
10–12 | 14 | 40.0 | |
Mobility | Walked without assistance | 19 | 54.3 |
Walked with assistance | 16 | 45.7 | |
Boarding | Yes | 27 | 77.1 |
No | 8 | 22.9 | |
Type of PD | Cerebral Palsy | 21 | 60.0 |
Other types | 14 | 40.0 | |
Education (highest) | |||
Father | Elementary | 7 | 20.0 |
Middle or high school | 17 | 48.6 | |
College or above | 11 | 31.4 | |
Mother | Elementary | 4 | 11.4 |
Middle or high school | 21 | 60.0 | |
College or above | 10 | 28.6 | |
Employment status | |||
Father | Self-employed | 8 | 22.9 |
Full-time employed | 18 | 51.4 | |
Part-time employed | 4 | 11.4 | |
Unemployed | 5 | 14.3 | |
Mother | Self-employed | 3 | 8.6 |
Full-time employed | 9 | 25.7 | |
Part-time employed | 7 | 20.0 | |
Unemployed | 16 | 45.7 | |
Household monthly income | <$8000 | 3 | 8.6 |
$8000–15,000 | 15 | 42.9 | |
$15,001–24,000 | 7 | 20.0 | |
$24,001–50,000 | 3 | 8.5 | |
>$50,001 | 7 | 20.0 |
Category | School | Home | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before School | Recess | Lunch Break | After Classes | Before Dinner | |
Mean Min. = 14.5 | Mean Min. = 26.3 | Mean Min. = 29.6 | Mean Min. = 52.4 | Mean Min. = 42.0 | |
Activity level | |||||
Lying down % (min) | 3.2 (0.5) | 1.4 (0.4) | 1.0 (0.3) | 0.3 (0.2) | 2.0 (0.8) |
Sitting % (min) | 74.3 (10.8) | 65.4 (17.2) | 63.7 (18.8) | 67.1 (35.1) | 75.2 (31.6) |
Standing % (min) | 15.2 (2.2) | 20.4 (5.4) | 22.1 (6.5) | 21.1 (11.0) | 15.5 (6.5) |
Walking % (min) | 5.4 (0.8) | 10.6 (2.8) | 10.9 (3.2) | 7.9 (4.1) | 6.8 (2.8) |
Vigorous % (min) | 1.9 (0.3) | 2.1 (0.6) | 2.3 (0.7) | 3.7 (1.9) | 0.7 (0.3) |
Sedentary a % (min) | 92.7 (13.4) | 87.3 (23.0) | 86.8 (25.7) | 88.5 (46.3) | 92.6 (38.9) |
MVPA b % (min) | 7.3 (1.1) | 12.7 (3.3) | 13.2 (3.9) | 11.5 (6.0) | 7.4 (3.1) |
Location | |||||
Inside % (min) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.0 (0.0) | 4.5 (2.4) | 62.6 (26.3) |
Outside % (min) | 100.0 (14.5) | 100.0 (26.3) | 100.0 (29.6) | 95.5 (50.0) | 37.4 (15.7) |
People there | |||||
Alone % (min) | 0.2 (0.0) | 1.8 (0.5) | 2.3 (0.7) | 2.0 (1.4) | 7.3 (3.1) |
Mother % (min) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.6 (0.1) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.0) | 18.2 (7.6) |
Father % (min) | 0.0 (0.0) | 0.1 (0.0) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.0 (0.0) | 7.5 (3.2) |
Other child % (min) | 98.8 (14.3) | 94.1 (24.7) | 94.4 (27.9) | 89.8 (47.0) | 65.7 (27.6) |
Other adult % (min) | 96.4 (14.0) | 86.6 (22.8) | 80.5 (23.8) | 94.8 (49.6) | 75.8 (31.9) |
Behavior motivated † | |||||
None % | 87.1 | 76.6 | 79.8 | 65.3 | 79.6 |
PA % | 7.7 | 7.7 | 6.5 | 19.3 | 8.5 |
SB % | 4.5 | 10.1 | 8.9 | 11.9 | 4.6 |
Eating % | 0.0 | 3.5 | 2.6 | 0.2 | 1.7 |
Not eating % | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 |
Media % | 0.6 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 3.3 | 4.9 |
No media % | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
Motivator † | |||||
None % | 87.1 | 76.7 | 79.8 | 65.1 | 79.9 |
Mother % | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 2.9 |
Father % | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 |
Other child % | 0.1 | 6.4 | 5.5 | 1.9 | 4.7 |
Other adult % | 12.8 | 16.3 | 14.5 | 33.0 | 12.3 |
Viewing media † | |||||
Yes % | 2.0 | 12.3 | 16.1 | 27.8 | 56.3 |
No % | 98.0 | 87.7 | 83.9 | 72.3 | 43.7 |
Eating behavior † | |||||
Yes % | 0.0 | 5.2 | 4.4 | 0.5 | 2.2 |
No % | 100.0 | 94.8 | 95.6 | 99.6 | 97.8 |
Category | School | Home | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Recess | Lunch Break | After Classes | Before Dinner | |
Location | ||||
Inside % | a | a | 0.00 | 0.03 |
Outside % | a | a | 0.00 | −0.03 |
People there | ||||
Alone % | 0.04 | 0.12 | −0.01 | −0.14 |
Mother % | 0.03 | −0.26 | a | 0.34 |
Father % | 0.31 | −0.26 | a | 0.75 ** |
Other child % | −0.07 | −0.11 | 0.07 | −0.22 |
Other adult % | −0.19 | −0.32 | 0.04 | −0.28 |
Behavior motivated | ||||
None motivated % | −0.27 | −0.21 | −0.29 | 0.01 |
PA motivated % | 0.55 ** | 0.63 ** | 0.49 ** | 0.05 |
SB motivated % | 0.11 | −0.16 | −0.04 | 0.04 |
E motivated % | −0.17 | −0.15 | −0.00 | −0.09 |
NE motivated % | −0.28 | 0.07 | −0.10 | −0.18 |
M motivated % | −0.05 | 0.04 | −0.34 | −0.05 |
NM motivated % | −0.04 | −0.06 | −0.03 | 0.01 |
Motivator | ||||
None % | −0.28 | −0.21 | −0.29 | 0.00 |
Mother % | 0.03 | 0.65 ** | a | 0.24 |
Father % | a | a | a | 0.77 ** |
Other child % | 0.56 ** | 0.58 ** | 0.32 | −0.05 |
Other adult % | −0.02 | −0.22 | 0.24 | −0.10 |
Viewing media | ||||
Yes % | −0.04 | −0.02 | −0.36 * | 0.14 |
No % | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.36 * | −0.14 |
Eating behavior | ||||
Yes % | −0.24 | −0.17 | 0.11 | −0.09 |
No % | 0.24 | 0.17 | −0.11 | 0.09 |
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Li, R.; Sit, C.H.-P.; Yu, J.J.; Sum, R.K.-W.; Wong, S.H.-S.; Cheng, K.C.-C.; McKenzie, T.L. Children with Physical Disabilities at School and Home: Physical Activity and Contextual Characteristics. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 687. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070687
Li R, Sit CH-P, Yu JJ, Sum RK-W, Wong SH-S, Cheng KC-C, McKenzie TL. Children with Physical Disabilities at School and Home: Physical Activity and Contextual Characteristics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(7):687. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070687
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Ru, Cindy Hui-Ping Sit, Jane Jie Yu, Raymond Kim-Wai Sum, Stephen Heung-Sang Wong, Kenneth Chik-Chi Cheng, and Thomas L. McKenzie. 2017. "Children with Physical Disabilities at School and Home: Physical Activity and Contextual Characteristics" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 7: 687. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070687