Public Support for Electronic Cigarette Regulation in Hong Kong: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Data Collection
2.2. Measurements
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Descriptive Statistics of Key Variables
3.3. Correlates of Support for E-Cigarette Regulation
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Survey Sample | Cohen’s ω | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unweighted% | (1) Weighted% 1 | (2) Weighted% 1,2 | (3) HK Population% 3 | (1) vs. (2) | (1) vs. (3) | ||
n = 5252 | n = 5252 | n = 4517 | |||||
Smoking | Never-smoker | 34.9 | 84.3 | 83.1 | 82.5 | 0.05 | 0.03 |
Status | Ex-smoker | 32.6 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 6.2 | ||
Current smoker | 32.5 | 10.2 | 11.3 | 11.4 | |||
Sex | Male | 66.6 | 45.4 | 48.5 | 46.1 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
Female | 33.4 | 54.6 | 51.5 | 53.9 | |||
Age group | 15–29 | 14.4 | 20.1 | 21.8 | 20.1 | 0.00 | 0.07 |
30–39 | 10.1 | 17.7 | 17.3 | 17.7 | |||
40–49 | 16.0 | 17.9 | 18.4 | 17.9 | |||
50–59 | 21.2 | 19.6 | 20.5 | 19.6 | |||
60 or above | 38.2 | 24.7 | 22.0 | 24.7 | |||
Education Level | Primary and below | 17.4 | 12.4 | 10.3 | 18.9 | 0.22 | 0.29 |
Secondary | 53.4 | 48.3 | 47.3 | 50.3 | |||
Post-secondary | 29.2 | 39.3 | 42.4 | 30.8 | |||
Marital status | Single | 18.9 | 34.4 | 34.9 | 33.5 | 0.07 | 0.07 |
(Male) | Married | 72.3 | 62.0 | 61.5 | 61.4 | ||
Divorced/widowed | 8.8 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 5.1 | |||
Marital status | Single | 27.4 | 31.3 | 33.1 | 29 | 0.26 | 0.28 |
(Female) | Married | 60.4 | 62.5 | 61.5 | 55.4 | ||
Divorced/widowed | 11.8 | 6.2 | 5.4 | 15.6 | |||
Monthly household | <10,000 | 18.8 | 12.7 | 10.8 | - | Not available | |
10,000–19,999 | 14.5 | 13.3 | 13.2 | - | |||
Income | 20,000–29,999 | 14.0 | 13.5 | 13.5 | - | ||
(HK$, US$1 = HK$7.8) | 30,000–39,999 | 11.8 | 12.4 | 2.6 | - | ||
≥40,000 | 22.3 | 26.1 | 28.6 | - | |||
Missing | 18.6 | 22.0 | 21.4 | - |
Never-Smokers | Ex-Smokers | Current Smokers | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 1834 | n = 1712 | n = 1706 | n = 5252 | |
Had heard of e-cigarettes | 82.6 (80.8, 84.3) | 86.4 (84.7, 88.0) | 92.4 (91.0, 93.5) | 83.8 (82.2, 85.3) |
Ever use of e-cigarettes | 0.1 (0.04, 0.4) | 0.6 (0.3, 1.1) | 5.5 (4.4, 6.9) | 0.7 (0.5, 0.9) |
Used e-cigarettes in past 30 days | 0.0 | 0.09 (0.02, 0.4) | 1.7 (1.1, 2.6) | 0.2 (0.1, 0.3) |
Never-Smokers | Ex-Smokers | Current Smokers | Total | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 1510 | n = 1470 | n = 1537 | n = 4517 | |
Perceived harmfulness (compared with conventional cigarettes) | ||||
E-cigarettes are more harmful | 16.5 (14.7, 18.6) | 17.5 (15.6, 19.5) | 25.2 (22.9, 27.7) | 17.6 (16.0, 19.3) |
E-cigarettes and cigarettes are similarly harmful | 22.0 (19.9, 24.2) | 20.8 (18.8, 23.1) | 20.6 (18.5, 22.9) | 21.8 (20.0, 23.7) |
E-cigarettes are less harmful | 34.7 (32.3, 37.3) | 24.3 (22.1, 26.6) | 21.6 (19.4, 24.0) | 32.9 (30.8, 35.0) |
Don’t know | 26.8 (24.5, 29.2) | 37.4 (34.9, 40.0) | 32.6 (30.2, 35.1) | 27.8 (25.9, 29.8) |
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Support for e-cigarettes regulation (prevalence by smoking status) | ||||
Ban e-cigarette promotion and ads | 73.4 (71.0, 75.7) | 74.2 (71.8, 76.4) | 57.7 (55.1, 60.4) | 71.7 (69.7, 73.6) |
Ban e-cigarette use in smoke-free venues | 82.9 (80.8, 84.8) | 79.9 (77.7, 81.9) | 71.4 (68.9, 73.8) | 81.5 (79.8, 83.1) |
Ban sale to people aged under 18 | 94.3 (92.9, 95.4) | 93.7 (92.3, 94.9) | 90.5 (88.8, 91.9) | 93.9 (92.7, 94.8) |
Restrict sale of nicotine-free e-cigarettes | 82.0 (80.0, 84.0) | 79.2 (77.1, 81.3) | 73.3 (70.9, 75.6) | 80.9 (79.2, 82.5) |
Number of supported regulations (per person) | ||||
0 | 2.6 (1.9, 3.6) | 2.5 (1.8, 3.4) | 4.2 (3.3, 5.3) | 2.8 (2.2, 3.6) |
1 | 3.7 (2.8, 4.8) | 5.8 (4.7, 7.1) | 8.9 (7.5, 10.6) | 4.4 (3.6, 5.3) |
2 | 12.1 (10.5, 13.9) | 11.1 (9.6, 12.9) | 18.4 (16.4, 20.6) | 12.7 (11.3, 14.2) |
3 | 21.5 (19.5, 23.8) | 23.5 (21.4, 25.8) | 26.9 (24.6, 29.4) | 22.3 (20.5, 24.2) |
4 | 60.0 (57.4, 62.5) | 57.1 (54.5, 59.7) | 41.6 (39.0, 44.3) | 57.8 (55.6, 60.0) |
Total | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Ban Promotion and Ads | Ban Use in Smoke-Free Venues | Ban Sale to Minors | Restrict Sale of Nicotine-Free E-Cigarettes | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% | Adj. PR | p-Value | % | Adj. PR | p-Value | % | Adj. PR | p-Value | % | Adj. PR | p-Value | |
Smoking status | ||||||||||||
Never-smoker (n = 1510) | 73.4 | 1 | 82.9 | 94.3 | 1 | 82.0 | 1 | |||||
Ex-smoker (n = 1470) | 74.2 | 0.98 (0.93–1.04) | 0.49 | 79.9 | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.17 | 93.7 | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 0.69 | 79.2 | 0.97 (0.93–1.01) | 0.17 |
Current smoker (n = 1537) | 57.7 | 0.77 (0.72–0.81) | <0.01 | 71.4 | 0.86 (0.82–0.90) | <0.01 | 90.5 | 0.96 (0.93–0.98) | <0.01 | 73.3 | 0.88 (0.84–0.92) | <0.01 |
Ever use of e-cigarettes | ||||||||||||
No (n = 4428) | 71.9 | 1 | 81.7 | 1 | 93.9 | 1 | 81.0 | 1 | ||||
Yes (n = 89) | 47.2 | 0.79 (0.61–1.03) | 0.08 | 63.0 | 0.84 (0.67–1.06) | 0.15 | 85.3 | 0.93 (0.81–1.05) | 0.25 | 68.9 | 0.92 (0.77–1.11) | 0.38 |
Perceived harmfulness (compared with conventional cigarettes) | ||||||||||||
E-cigarettes are more harmful (n = 864) | 88.3 | 1.41 (1.31–1.52) | <0.01 | 89.4 | 1.20 (1.13–1.26) | <0.01 | 96.7 | 1.07 (1.04–1.10) | <0.01 | 86.3 | 1.19 (1.12–1.27) | <0.01 |
Similar harmfulness (n = 924) | 84.7 | 1.34 (1.25–1.45) | <0.01 | 90.1 | 1.18 (1.12–1.25) | <0.01 | 97.2 | 1.08 (1.04–1.11) | <0.01 | 90.0 | 1.23 (1.16–1.31) | <0.01 |
E-cigarettes are less harmful (n = 1194) | 61.3 | 0.96 (0.88–1.06) | 0.44 | 76.9 | 1.00 (0.94–1.07) | 0.94 | 93.0 | 1.03 (0.99–1.06) | 0.15 | 79.1 | 1.19 (1.12–1.27) | 0.03 |
Don’t know (n = 1535) | 71.7 | 1 | 71.5 | 1 | 90.4 | 1 | 72.5 | 1 |
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Cheung, Y.T.D.; Wang, M.P.; Ho, S.Y.; Jiang, N.; Kwong, A.; Lai, V.; Lam, T.H. Public Support for Electronic Cigarette Regulation in Hong Kong: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070709
Cheung YTD, Wang MP, Ho SY, Jiang N, Kwong A, Lai V, Lam TH. Public Support for Electronic Cigarette Regulation in Hong Kong: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(7):709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070709
Chicago/Turabian StyleCheung, Yee Tak Derek, Man Ping Wang, Sai Yin Ho, Nan Jiang, Antonio Kwong, Vienna Lai, and Tai Hing Lam. 2017. "Public Support for Electronic Cigarette Regulation in Hong Kong: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 7: 709. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14070709