Program Development and Effectiveness of Workplace Health Promotion Program for Preventing Metabolic Syndrome among Office Workers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Program Development
2.3. Implementation Process
2.4. Measurement
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Program Effectiveness for Group 1 and Group 2
3.2. Program Effectiveness for the Target Population (Group 3)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Subjects’ Characteristics | Intervention Methods and Contents |
---|---|
Group 1 (n = 891; Health Education Group) Whole office workers in the firm |
|
Group 2 (n = 180; U-health System Group) Voluntary participant using U-health system |
|
Group 3 (n = 62; Target Population Group) Workers with over 3 MetS indicators (or/and) BMI ≥ 25 |
|
Characteristics | Group 1 (n = 449) a | Group 2 (n = 75) a | Group 3 (n = 41) a |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD or n (%) | |||
Age (Years) | 35.31 ± 7.74 | 32.92 ± 7.07 | 36.49 ± 8.25 |
Gender | |||
Male | 331 (73.7) | 55 (73.3) | 31 (75.6) |
Female | 118 (26.3) | 20 (26.7) | 10 (24.4) |
Education | |||
High school or lower | 25 (5.6) | 2 (2.7) | 5 (12.2) |
College or University | 359 (80.0) | 70 (93.4) | 34 (82.9) |
Graduate school | 65 (14.5) | 3 (4.0) | 2 (4.9) |
Marriage status | |||
Unmarried | 207 (46.2) | 45 (60.0) | 19 (46.3) |
Married | 241 (53.8) | 30 (40.0) | 22 (53.7) |
Working type | |||
Management | 106 (23.6) | 27 (36.0) | 11 (26.8) |
Sales | 343 (76.4) | 48 (64.0) | 30 (73.2) |
Years worked on the job | 7.85 ± 7.63 | 6.07 ± 7.27 | 9.73 ± 9.51 |
Characteristics | Group 1 (n = 449) a | Group 2 (n = 75) a | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | t | p c | Pre | Post | t | p c | |
Mean ± SD or n (%) b | Mean ± SD or n (%) b | |||||||
Waist circumference (cm) | 81.07 ± 10.72 | 81.41 ± 10.76 | −1.479 | 0.140 | 82.09 ± 10.60 | 82.53 ± 10.02 | −0.733 | 0.466 |
Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||||||
Systolic blood pressure | 115.75 ± 12.80 | 116.40 ± 13.77 | −1.229 | 0.220 | 116.10 ± 10.99 | 116.07 ± 12.84 | 0.022 | 0.982 |
Diastolic blood pressure | 72.21 ± 9.62 | 75.13 ± 10.42 | −6.433 | <0.001 | 71.55 ± 7.89 | 73.73 ± 10.57 | −2.080 | 0.041 |
Fasting glucose (g/dL) | 93.28 ± 13.51 | 94.63 ± 18.00 | −2.628 | 0.009 | 92.00 ± 9.39 | 94.85 ± 18.41 | −1.344 | 0.183 |
Triglycerides (g/dL) | 114.15 ± 92.63 | 119.63 ± 109.51 | −1.546 | 0.123 | 100.00 ± 65.58 | 99.27 ± 68.98 | 0.127 | 0.900 |
HDL-cholesterol (g/dL) | 55.60 ± 12.79 | 55.54 ± 13.47 | 0.160 | 0.873 | 55.88 ± 11.94 | 56.20 ± 12.51 | −0.340 | 0.735 |
MetS indicators prevalence | ||||||||
Elevated waist circumference | 86 (20.5) | 84 (20.0) | 0.878 | 18 (25.7) | 17 (24.3) | 1.000 | ||
Elevated fasting glucose | 85 (19.4) | 97 (22.1) | 0.195 | 9 (12.2) | 14 (18.9) | 0.302 | ||
Elevated triglycerides | 91 (20.9) | 107 (24.6) | 0.068 | 9 (12.2) | 11 (14.9) | 0.727 | ||
Reduced HDL-cholesterol | 62 (14.3) | 58 (13.3) | 0.672 | 9 (12.2) | 8 (10.8) | 1.000 | ||
Elevated blood pressures | 94 (21.3) | 124 (28.1) | 0.002 | 15 (20.8) | 17 (23.6) | 0.804 | ||
MetS prevalence | 0.551 | 0.508 | ||||||
Less than 3 components | 360 (85.7) | 355 (84.5) | 62 (91.2) | 59 (86.8) | ||||
3 or more components * | 60 (14.3) | 65 (15.5) | 6 (8.8) | 9 (13.2) | ||||
Individual factors | ||||||||
General health status d | 0.207 | 0.791 | ||||||
Bad | 207 (68.3) | 219 (72.3) | 38 (61.3) | 40 (64.5) | ||||
Good | 96 (31.7) | 84 (27.7) | 24 (38.7) | 22 (35.5) | ||||
General self-efficacy | 29.09 ± 3.72 | 29.65 ± 3.46 | −2.796 | 0.006 | 30.00 ± 4.01 | 29.56 ± 3.39 | 0.945 | 0.348 |
Stress level (1–14) | 9.02 ± 2.32 | 8.91 ± 2.17 | 0.952 | 0.342 | 8.44 ± 2.15 | 8.45 ± 1.86 | −0.075 | 0.940 |
General (1–7) | 3.96 ± 1.37 | 3.86 ± 1.36 | 1.259 | 0.209 | 3.53 ± 1.28 | 3.45 ± 1.17 | 0.567 | 0.573 |
Work-related (1–7) | 5.06 ± 1.26 | 5.04 ± 1.26 | 0.183 | 0.855 | 4.90 ± 1.33 | 5.00 ± 1.17 | −0.704 | 0.484 |
Knowledge of MetS (0–6) | 1.73 ± 1.77 | 1.51 ± 1.54 | 2.365 | 0.018 | 1.81 ± 1.59 | 1.52 ± 1.52 | 1.302 | 0.197 |
Physical activity (per week) | 0.315 | 0.542 | ||||||
No | 186 (41.4) | 187 (41.6) | 29 (38.7) | 26 (34.7) | ||||
1–2 times | 171 (38.1) | 186 (41.4) | 29 (38.7) | 31 (41.3) | ||||
≥3 times | 92 (20.5) | 76 (16.9) | 17 (22.7) | 18 (24.0) | ||||
Sleep quantity (h) (3–10) | 0.141 | - | ||||||
Others | 213 (70.5) | 225 (74.5) | 39 (62.9) | 40 (64.5) | ||||
Good sleep (7 or 8 h) | 89 (29.5) | 77 (25.5) | 23 (37.1) | 22 (35.5) | ||||
Diet (scores) (0–10) | 4.89 ± 2.30 | 5.12 ± 3.02 | −1.481 | 0.140 | 4.69 ± 2.54 | 5.81 ± 3.97 | −2.358 | 0.022 |
Organizational factors | ||||||||
Organizational commitment | 6.08 ± 1.06 | 6.07 ± 0.95 | 0.235 | 0.815 | 6.15 ± 0.97 | 5.82 ± 0.80 | 2.224 | 0.030 |
Job satisfaction e | 0.470 | 0.503 | ||||||
Not satisfied | 145 (48.5) | 154 (51.5) | 31 (50.0) | 35 (56.5) | ||||
Satisfied | 153 (51.2) | 146 (48.8) | 31 (50.0) | 27 (43.5) | ||||
Job stress | ||||||||
Job demand | 54.27 ± 12.38 | 54.18 ± 11.41 | 0.107 | 0.915 | 55.26 ± 11.64 | 56.87 ± 11.90 | −0.894 | 0.375 |
Insufficient job control | 56.65 ± 14.90 | 57.95 ± 14.57 | −1.514 | 0.131 | 57.31 ± 15.36 | 57.16 ± 15.06 | 0.079 | 0.938 |
Inadequate social support | 64.39 ± 15.60 | 64.35 ± 14.23 | 0.038 | 0.970 | 60.43 ± 18.43 | 58.48 ± 16.34 | 0.980 | 0.331 |
Job insecurity | 42.52 ± 22.55 | 47.94 ± 23.04 | −3.367 | 0.001 | 41.52 ± 20.20 | 51.46 ± 24.25 | −2.572 | 0.013 |
Organizational system | 54.36 ± 15.98 | 54.77 ± 14.20 | −0.464 | 0.643 | 52.49 ± 16.66 | 54.53 ± 16.82 | −0.952 | 0.345 |
Lack of rewards | 57.40 ± 16.25 | 56.69 ± 14.50 | 0.773 | 0.440 | 55.36 ± 18.24 | 57.50 ± 16.68 | −0.900 | 0.372 |
Occupational climate | 36.13 ± 17.13 | 37.84 ± 17.73 | −1.564 | 0.119 | 39.91 ± 19.21 | 42.54 ± 20.64 | −0.828 | 0.411 |
Characteristics | Pre-Intervention | Post-Intervention | t | p c |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD or n (%) b | ||||
Waist circumference (cm) | 89.96 ± 9.87 | 86.93 ± 9.79 | −4.363 | <0.001 |
Blood pressure (mmHg) | ||||
Systolic blood pressure | 126.13 ± 12.68 | 125.05 ± 13.49 | −0.596 | 0.555 |
Diastolic blood pressure | 84.68 ± 10.91 | 85.13 ± 10.75 | 0.329 | 0.744 |
Fasting glucose (g/dL) | 93.44 ± 11.78 | 84.56 ± 9.55 | −4.16 | <0.001 |
Triglycerides (g/dL) | 155.44 ± 90.31 | 146.61 ± 71.59 | −0.871 | 0.39 |
HDL-cholesterol (g/dL) | 52.39 ± 13.52 | 55.97 ± 10.99 | 1.533 | 0.134 |
MetS indicators prevalence | ||||
Elevated waist circumference | 26 (68.4) | 16 (42.1) | 0.002 | |
Elevated fasting glucose | 10 (27.0) | 6 (16.2) | 0.219 | |
Elevated triglycerides | 16 (44.4) | 16 (44.4) | 1 | |
Reduced HDL-cholesterol | 9 (25.0) | 7 (19.4) | 0.688 | |
Elevated blood pressures | 22 (57.9) | 20 (52.6) | 0.688 | |
MetS prevalence | 0.344 | |||
Less than 3 components | 19 (52.8) | 23 (63.9) | ||
3 or more components * | 17 (47.2) | 13 (36.1) | ||
MetS score(z-score) | ||||
Male (n = 31) | −0.61 ± 3.35 | −2.32 ± 2.55 | −3.586 | 0.001 |
Female (n = 10) | −3.99 ± 2.05 | −5.50 ± 2.19 | −2.620 | 0.028 |
Individual factors | ||||
General health status d | 0.109 | |||
Bad | 30 (78.9) | 26 (68.4) | ||
Good | 8 (21.1) | 12 (31.6) | ||
General self-efficacy | 29.08 ± 2.76 | 30.05 ± 2.94 | −1.81 | 0.079 |
Stress level (1–14) | 9.08 ± 1.62 | 8.86 ± 1.67 | 0.796 | 0.431 |
General (1–7) | 4.11 ± 0.99 | 3.86 ± 1.03 | 1.222 | 0.23 |
Work-related (1–7) | 4.97 ± 0.90 | 5.00 ± 1.03 | −0.19 | 0.85 |
Knowledge of MetS (0–6) | 2.56 ± 1.73 | 2.71 ± 1.27 | −0.482 | 0.632 |
Physical activity (per week) | 0.376 | |||
No | 14 (34.1) | 9 (22.0) | ||
1–2 times | 20 (48.8) | 22 (53.7) | ||
≥3 times | 7 (17.1) | 10 (24.4) | ||
Sleep quantity (h) (3–10) | 0.508 | |||
Others | 29 (78.4) | 26 (70.3) | ||
Good sleep (7 or 8 h) | 8 (21.6) | 11 (29.7) | ||
Diet (scores) (0–10) | 4.47 ± 1.86 | 4.42 ± 2.38 | 0.151 | 0.881 |
Organizational factors | ||||
Organizational commitment | 6.22 ± 0.71 | 6.14 ± 1.03 | 0.572 | 0.571 |
Job satisfaction e | 0.581 | |||
Not satisfied | 14 (37.8) | 17 (45.9) | ||
Satisfied | 23 (62.2) | 20 (54.1) | ||
Job stress | ||||
Job demand | 57.43 ± 9.58 | 53.83 ± 10.50 | 2.053 | 0.047 |
Insufficient job control | 56.98 ± 11.87 | 63.29 ± 13.68 | −2.6 | 0.013 |
Inadequate social support | 62.46 ± 11.82 | 67.57 ± 16.43 | −1.667 | 0.104 |
Job insecurity | 39.64 ± 21.28 | 42.34 ± 17.83 | −0.758 | 0.454 |
Organizational system | 55.86 ± 12.69 | 54.95 ± 12.02 | 0.384 | 0.703 |
Lack of rewards | 55.86 ± 12.69 | 61.56 ± 14.49 | −2.522 | 0.016 |
Occupational climate | 34.91 ± 17.77 | 31.08 ± 12.98 | 1.432 | 0.161 |
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Ryu, H.; Jung, J.; Cho, J.; Chin, D.L. Program Development and Effectiveness of Workplace Health Promotion Program for Preventing Metabolic Syndrome among Office Workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080878
Ryu H, Jung J, Cho J, Chin DL. Program Development and Effectiveness of Workplace Health Promotion Program for Preventing Metabolic Syndrome among Office Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(8):878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080878
Chicago/Turabian StyleRyu, Hosihn, Jiyeon Jung, Jeonghyun Cho, and Dal Lae Chin. 2017. "Program Development and Effectiveness of Workplace Health Promotion Program for Preventing Metabolic Syndrome among Office Workers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 8: 878. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080878