Comparison of Metabolic Syndrome Indicators in Two Samples of Central and South Americans Living in the Washington, D.C. Area in 1993–1994 and 2008–2009: Secular Changes in Metabolic Syndrome in Hispanics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Metabolic Syndrome Assessment
2.2. Study Populations
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The 1993–1994 Cohort
3.2. The 2008–2009 Cohort
3.3. Comparison of Two Cohorts
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Description | 1993–1994 | 2008–2009 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Men | n | Women | n | Men | n | Women | |
Age (years) | 203 | 35.1 ± 19.4 | 396 | 38.9 ± 14.2 | 338 | 41.5 ± 13.6 3 | 704 | 42.8 ± 13.2 2 |
≤ 34 (%) | 119 | 58.6 | 180 | 45.5 | 114 | 33.7 | 237 | 33.6 |
35-44 (%) | 40 | 19.7 | 95 | 24.0 | 96 | 28.4 | 166 | 23.6 |
45-54 (%) | 23 | 11.3 | 59 | 14.9 | 66 | 19.5 | 173 | 24.6 |
55-64 (%) | 14 | 6.9 | 40 | 10.1 | 46 | 13.6 | 90 | 12.8 |
65 (%) | 7 | 3.5 | 22 | 5.6 | 16 | 4.7 | 38 | 5.4 |
Weight (kg) | 163 | 71.2 ± 11.4 | 350 | 64.6 ± 12.8 | 331 | 77.3 ± 12.5 3 | 701 | 69.3 ± 14.2 2 |
Height (cm) | 91 | 164.8 ± 8.2 | 198 | 153.0 ± 7.3 | 323 | 165.4 ± 7.4 | 688 | 154.7 ± 6.9 2 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 91 | 26.1 ± 3.8 | 198 | 28.4 ± 5.2 | 323 | 28.3 ± 4.1 3 | 688 | 29.0 ± 5.6 |
SBP (mmHg) | 185 | 123.3 ± 19.4 | 369 | 119.8 ± 21.2 | 336 | 119.7 ± 17.7 3 | 703 | 115.7 ± 18.5 2 |
DBP (mmHg) | 185 | 82.2 ± 11.1 | 369 | 79.2 ± 11.2 | 336 | 72.9 ± 12.1 3 | 703 | 71.0 ± 10.9 2 |
TC (mg/dL) | 203 | 192.7 ± 44.7 | 389 | 195.7 ± 48.5 | 332 | 191.5 ± 38.9 | 694 | 190.5 ± 36.7 2 |
HDL-c (mg/dL) | 201 | 43.8 ± 11.6 | 387 | 49.9 ± 12.4 | 332 | 42.9 ± 10.4 | 694 | 50.5 ± 12.7 |
LDL-c (mg/dL) | 192 | 116.5 ± 34.6 | 379 | 116.9 ± 31.8 | 320 | 116.7 ± 33.5 | 684 | 113.3 ± 31.3 |
FPG (mg/dL) | 202 | 102.0 ± 41.9 | 389 | 99.2 ± 46.2 | 329 | 99.9 ± 31.3 | 686 | 93.3 ± 27.9 2 |
TGC (mg/dL) | 203 | 167.6 ± 132.3 | 389 | 136.5 ± 83.2 | 331 | 163.8 ± 97.9 | 691 | 136.4 ± 78.6 |
Component | No. and % with Abnormal MetS Components | |||
1993–1994 (n = 599) | 2008–2009 (n = 1042) | |||
Men (n = 203) | Men (n = 338) | |||
n | % | n | % | |
High BMI * | 56 | 27.6 | 265 | 78.4 1 |
Low HDL † | 82 | 40.4 | 146 | 43.2 |
Hypertension | 41 | 20.2 | 38 | 11.2 1 |
High FPG | 31 | 15.3 | 42 | 12.4 |
High TGC | 83 | 40.9 | 157 | 46.5 |
MetS prevalence | 40 | 19.7 | 115 | 34.0 1 |
Component | Women (n = 396) | Women (n = 704) | ||
n | % | n | % | |
High BMI | 145 | 36.6 2 | 523 | 74.3 1 |
Low HDL † | 203 | 51.3 2 | 357 | 50.7 2 |
Hypertension | 74 | 18.7 | 62 | 8.8 1 |
High FPG | 44 | 11.1 | 59 | 8.4 2 |
High TGC | 131 | 33.1 2 | 229 | 32.5 2 |
MetS prevalence | 78 | 19.7 | 176 | 25.0 1,2 |
MetS Components | Men (n = 203) | Men (n = 338) |
No. of components | 1993–1994 | 2008–2009 |
1 | 31.5 * | 25.9 * |
2 | 23.6 | 19.9 |
3 | 14.8 | 19.2 |
4 | 3.4 | 4.7 |
5 | 1.5 | 2.4 |
Total No. of subjects w/Metabolic Syndrome | 40 | 115 |
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome | 19.7 | 34 |
MetS Components | Women (n = 396) | Women (n = 704) |
No. of components | 1993–1994 | 2008–2009 |
1 | 32.3 * | 27.7 * |
2 | 19.9 | 17.6 |
3 | 13.4 | 13.9 |
4 | 5.8 | 6.1 |
5 | 0.5 | 1.0 |
Total No. of subjects w/Metabolic Syndrome | 78 | 176 |
Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome | 19.7 | 25 |
Component | 1993–1994 | 2008–2009 |
---|---|---|
n | 296 | 508 |
Anthropometric characteristics | ||
Weight (kg) | 68.3 ± 12.5 | 73.2 ± 14.2 2 |
Height (cm) | 157.6 ± 9.6 | 157.7 ± 7.8 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.1 ± 4.8 | 29.3 ± 5.2 2 |
Biochemical variables | ||
Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) | 99.0 ± 35.6 | 96.6 ± 32.0 |
Triglyceride (mg/dL) | 153.5 ± 115.1 | 150.9 ± 87.4 |
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 120.0 ± 19.0 | 118.2 ± 19.1 |
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg) | 80.2 ± 11.1 | 72.0 ±12.1 2 |
High Density Lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 45.7 ± 11.6 | 46.2 ± 11.4 |
Low Density Lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 112.6 ± 30.8 | 114.4 ± 30.5 |
Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) | 188.5 ± 38.8 | 190.3 ± 37.0 |
Metabolic syndrome characteristics | ||
High BMI (% population) | 34.5 | 79.5 2 |
High FPG (% population) | 12.8 | 9.8 |
High TGC (% population) | 34.8 | 38.0 |
Hypertension (% population) | 18.2 | 11.2 2 |
Low HDL (% population) 3 | 65.9 | 65.6 |
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Gill, R.; Jackson, R.T.; Duane, M.; Miner, A.; Khan, S.A. Comparison of Metabolic Syndrome Indicators in Two Samples of Central and South Americans Living in the Washington, D.C. Area in 1993–1994 and 2008–2009: Secular Changes in Metabolic Syndrome in Hispanics. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080881
Gill R, Jackson RT, Duane M, Miner A, Khan SA. Comparison of Metabolic Syndrome Indicators in Two Samples of Central and South Americans Living in the Washington, D.C. Area in 1993–1994 and 2008–2009: Secular Changes in Metabolic Syndrome in Hispanics. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(8):881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080881
Chicago/Turabian StyleGill, Regina, Robert T. Jackson, Marguerite Duane, Allison Miner, and Saira A. Khan. 2017. "Comparison of Metabolic Syndrome Indicators in Two Samples of Central and South Americans Living in the Washington, D.C. Area in 1993–1994 and 2008–2009: Secular Changes in Metabolic Syndrome in Hispanics" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 8: 881. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14080881