Relationship between Social Support Networks and Physical Functioning in Older Community-Dwelling Mexicans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Subjects and Design
2.2. Social Support Networks for Older People Scale (SSN-Older)
2.3. Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)
2.4. Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADLs)
2.5. Physical Functioning Tasks (PFT)
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
- World Health Organization. World Report on Ageing and Health; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2015; Available online: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/186463/1/9789240694811_eng.pdf (accessed on 22 July 2016).
- Mahoney, F.I.; Barthel, D. Functional evaluation: The barthel index. Md. State Med. J. 1965, 14, 61–65. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Lawton, M.P.; Brody, E.M. Assessment of older people: Self maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. Gerontologist 1969, 9, 179–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nagi, S.E. An epidemiology of disability among adults in the United States. Milbank Memml. Fund Q. 1976, 54, 439–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bunout, D.; Barrera, G.; de la Maza, P.; Avendaño, M.; Gattas, V.; Petermann, M.; Hirsch, S. The impact of nutritional supplementation and resistance training on the health functioning of free-living Chilean elders: Results of 18 months of follow-up. J. Nutr. 2001, 131, 2441S–2446S. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Verdijk, L.B.; Jonkers, R.A.; Gleeson, B.G.; Beelen, M.; Meijer, K.; Savelberg, H.H.; Wodzig, W.K.; Dendale, P.; Van Loon, L.J. Protein supplementation before and after exercise does not further augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy after resistance training in elderly men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2009, 89, 608–616. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bemben, M.G.; Witten, M.S.; Carter, J.M.; Eliot, K.A.; Knehans, A.W.; Bemben, D.A. The effects of supplementation with creatine and protein on muscle strength following a traditional resistance training program in middle-aged and older men. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2010, 14, 155–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mendoza-Núñez, V.M.; Flores-Bello, C.; Correa-Muñoz, E.; Retana-Ugalde, R.; Ruiz-Ramos, M. Relationship between social support networks and diabetes control and its impact on the quality of life in older community-dwelling Mexicans. Nutr. Hosp. 2016, 33, 1312–1316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seeman, T.E. Health promoting effects of friends and family on health outcomes in older adults. Am. J. Health Promot. 2000, 14, 362–370. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- De Vos, S.; Solís, P.; Montes de Oca, V. Receipt of assistance and extended family residence among elderly men in Mexico. Int. J. Aging Hum. Dev. 2004, 58, 1–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thoits, P.A. Mechanisms linking social ties and support to physical and mental health. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2011, 52, 145–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Uchino, B.N.; Cacioppo, J.T.; Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K. The relationship between social support and physiological processes: A review with emphasis on underlying mechanisms and implications for health. Psychol. Bull. 1996, 119, 488–531. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Smith, K.P.; Christakis, N.A. Social networks and health. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 2008, 34, 405–429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Uchino, B.N. Social support and health: A review of physiological processes potentially underlying links to disease outcomes. J. Behav. Med. 2006, 29, 377–387. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ertel, K.A.; Glymour, M.M.; Berkman, L.F. Social networks and health: A life course perspective integrating observational and experimental evidence. J. Soc. Pers. Relatsh. 2009, 26, 73–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Unger, J.B.; McAvay, G.; Bruce, M.L.; Berkman, L.; Seeman, T. Variation in the impact of social network characteristics on physical functioning in elderly persons: MacArthur studies of successful aging. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 1999, 54, S245–S251. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Uchino, B.N.; Cawthon, R.M.; Smith, T.W.; Light, K.C.; McKenzie, J.; Carlisle, M.; Gunn, H.; Birmingham, W.; Bowen, K. Social relationships and health: Is feeling positive, negative, or both (ambivalent) about your social ties related to telomeres? Health Psychol. 2012, 31, 789–796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Estadísticas a Propósito Del Día Internacional De Las Personas De Edad (1 De Octubre); INEGI: Aguascalientes, Mexico, 2016. Available online: http://www.inegi.org.mx/saladeprensa/aproposito/2014/adultos0.pdf (accessed on 27 November 2016).
- Gutiérrez, J.P.; Rivera-Dommarco, J.; Shamah-Levy, T.; Villalpando-Hernández, S.; Franco, A.; Cuevas-Nasu, L.; Romero-Martínez, M.; Hernández-Ávila, M. Encuesta Nacional De Salud y Nutrición 2012, Resultados Nacionales; Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (MX): Cuernavaca, Mexico, 2013.
- Robles, L.; Rizo Curiel, G.; Camarena García, L.M.; Cervantes Coles, L.; Gómez Medrano, M.S.; Siordia González, M. Social network and social support among poor elderly ill in Guadalajara, Mexico. Cad. Saude Publ. 2000, 16, 557–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Greenfield, E.A. Community aging initiatives and social capital: Developing theories of change in the context of NORC Supportive Service Programs. J. Appl. Gerontol. 2014, 33, 227–250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mendoza-Núñez, V.M.; Martínez-Maldonado, M.L. Escala de redes de apoyo social para adultosmayores. In González-Celis RAL; Evaluación en psicogerontología; Manual Moderno: Mexico City, Mexico, 2009; pp. 95–112. [Google Scholar]
- Fiori, K.L.; Smith, J.; Antonucci, T.C. Social network types among older adults: A multidimensional approach. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 2007, 62, 322–330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heller, T.; Fisher, D.; Marks, B.; Hsieh, K. Interventions to promote health: Crossing networksof intellectual and developmental disabilities and aging. Disabil. Health J. 2014, 7 (Suppl. 1), S24–S32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Li, T.; Zhang, Y. Social network types and the health of older adults: Exploring reciprocal associations. Soc. Sci. Med. 2015, 130, 59–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huxhold, O.; Miche, M.; Schüz, B. Benefits of having friends in older ages: Differential effects of informal social activities on well-being in middle-aged and older adults. J. Gerontol. B Psychol. Sci. Soc. Sci. 2014, 69, 366–375. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sánchez-Rodríguez, M.A.; Arronte-Rosales, A.; Mendoza-Núñez, V.M. Effect of a self-care program on oxidative stress and cognitive function in an older Mexican urban-dwelling population. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2009, 13, 791–796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, Y.C.; McClintock, M.K.; Kozloski, M.; Li, T. Social isolation and adult mortality: The role of chronic inflammation and sex differences. J. Health Soc. Behav. 2013, 54, 183–203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nyqvist, F.; Forsman, A.K.; Giuntoli, G.; Cattan, M. Social capital as a resource for mental well-being in older people: A systematic review. Aging Ment. Health 2013, 17, 394–410. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Palmer, A.D.; Newsom, J.T.; Rook, K.S. How does difficulty communicating affect the social relationships of older adults? An exploration using data from a national survey. J. Commun. Disord. 2016, 62, 131–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Health Quality Ontario. Social isolation in community-dwelling seniors: An evidence-based analysis. Ont. Health Technol. Assess. Ser. 2008, 8, 1–49. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Yang, Y.C.; Boen, C.; Gerken, K.; Li, T.; Schorpp, K.; Harris, K.M. Social relationships and physiological determinants of longevity across the human life span. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2016, 113, 578–583. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barnett, A.; Cerin, E.; Zhang, C.J.; Sit, C.H.; Johnston, J.M.; Cheung, M.M.C.; Lee, R.S.Y. Associations between the neighbourhood environment characteristics and physical activity in older adults with specific types of chronic conditions: The ALECS cross-sectional study. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2016, 13, 53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hill, T.D.; Uchino, B.N.; Eckhardt, J.L.; Angel, J.L. Perceived social support trajectories and the all-cause mortality risk of older Mexican American women and men. Res. Aging 2016, 38, 374–398. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Warren-Findlow, J.; Laditka, J.N.; Thompson, M.E.; Laditka, S.B. Effects of social ties on self-rated physical health among African American adults. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 2013, 105, 23–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomini, F.; Tomini, S.M.; Groot, W. Understanding the value of social networks in life satisfaction of elderly people: A comparative study of 16 European countries using SHARE data. BMC Geriatr. 2016, 16, 203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Garay, S.; Montes de Oca, V.; Guillén, J. Social support and social networks among the elderly in Mexico. J. Popul. Ageing 2014, 7, 143–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variable | n = 150 | % |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Women | 99 | 66 |
Men | 51 | 34 |
Age (years) | 69 ± 7 | |
Status marital | ||
Married | 70 | 47 |
Single or widowed | 80 | 53 |
Cohabitation | ||
Spouse | 70 | 47 |
Children | 11 | 7 |
Relatives | 16 | 11 |
Alone | 53 | 35 |
Enough social networks | 37 | 25 |
Few social networks | 113 | 75 |
Variable | ESN n = (%) | FSN n = (%) | OR | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Familial SSN | |||||
Independent | 31 (89) | 81 (70) | 3.25 | 1.06–9.92 | 0.03 |
Dependent | 4 (11) | 34 (30) | |||
Extra-familial SSN | |||||
Independent | 32 (87) | 80 (71) | 2.64 | 1.0–7.36 | 0.04 |
Dependent | 5 (13) | 33 (29) | |||
Institutional support | |||||
Independent | 24 (89) | 88 (72) | 3.18 | 0.90–11.2 | 0.06 |
Dependent | 3 (11) | 35 (28) | |||
Social contacts | |||||
Independent | 27 (90) | 85 (71) | 3.70 | 1.0–1.3 | 0.03 |
Dependent | 3 (10) | 35 (29) | |||
Support received | |||||
Independent | 28 (88) | 84 (71) | 2.83 | 0.92–8.69 | 0.06 |
Dependent | 4 (12) | 34 (29) | |||
Satisfaction with support received | |||||
Independent | 31 (86) | 81 (71) | 2.52 | 0.90–7.05 | 0.07 |
Dependent | 5 (14) | 33 (29) |
Variable | ESN n = (%) | FSN n = (%) | OR | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Familial SSN | |||||
Independent | 30 (86) | 74 (64) | 3.32 | 1.19–9.92 | 0.01 |
Dependent | 5 (14) | 41 (36) | |||
Extra-familial SSN | |||||
Independent | 31 (84) | 73 (65) | 2.83 | 1.08–7.36 | 0.02 |
Dependent | 6 (16) | 40 (35) | |||
Institutional support | |||||
Independent | 25 (93) | 79 (64) | 6.96 | 1.57–30.7 | 0.004 |
Dependent | 2 (7) | 44 (36) | |||
Social contacts | |||||
Independent | 27 (90) | 77 (64) | 5.02 | 1.44–17.5 | 0.006 |
Dependent | 3 (10) | 43 (36) | |||
Support received | |||||
Independent | 26 (81) | 78 (66) | 2.22 | 0.84–5.83 | 0.09 |
Dependent | 6 (19) | 40 (34) | |||
Satisfaction with support received | |||||
Independent | 30 (83) | 74 (65) | 2.70 | 1.03–7.03 | 0.03 |
Dependent | 6 (17) | 40 (35) |
Variable | ESN n = (%) | FSN n = (%) | OR | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Familial SSN | |||||
Independent | 29 (83) | 82 (71) | 1.94 | 0.739–5.11 | 0.10 |
Dependent | 6 (17) | 33 (29) | |||
Extra-familial SSN | |||||
Independent | 33 (89) | 78 (69) | 3.70 | 1.21–11.2 | 0.01 |
Dependent | 4 (11) | 35 (31) | |||
Institutional support | |||||
Independent | 23 (85) | 88 (72) | 2.28 | 0.737–7.09 | 0.10 |
Dependent | 4 (15) | 35 (28) | |||
Social contacts | |||||
Independent | 27 (90) | 84 (70) | 3.85 | 1.10–13.5 | 0.02 |
Dependent | 3 (10) | 36 (30) | |||
Support received | |||||
Independent | 28 (88) | 83 (70) | 2.95 | 1.0–9.04 | 0.04 |
Dependent | 4 (12) | 35 (30) | |||
Satisfaction with support received | |||||
Independent | 29 (81) | 82 (72) | 1.61 | 0.64–4.00 | 0.30 |
Dependent | 7 (19) | 32 (28) |
Variable | ADL | IADL | PFT |
---|---|---|---|
r | r | r | |
Familial SSN | 0.242 ** | 0.342 *** | 0.312 *** |
Extra-familial SSN | 0.231 ** | 0.410 *** | 0.441 *** |
Institutional support | 0.138 | 0.168 * | 0.188 * |
Satisfacción de apoyo | 0.238 ** | 0.389 *** | 0.402 *** |
Social contacts | 0.341 ** | 0.457 *** | 0.417 *** |
Support received | 0.265 *** | 0.351 *** | 0.378 *** |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Mendoza-Núñez, V.M.; González-Mantilla, F.; Correa-Muñoz, E.; Retana-Ugalde, R. Relationship between Social Support Networks and Physical Functioning in Older Community-Dwelling Mexicans. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2017, 14, 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090993
Mendoza-Núñez VM, González-Mantilla F, Correa-Muñoz E, Retana-Ugalde R. Relationship between Social Support Networks and Physical Functioning in Older Community-Dwelling Mexicans. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2017; 14(9):993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090993
Chicago/Turabian StyleMendoza-Núñez, Víctor Manuel, Fabiola González-Mantilla, Elsa Correa-Muñoz, and Raquel Retana-Ugalde. 2017. "Relationship between Social Support Networks and Physical Functioning in Older Community-Dwelling Mexicans" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 14, no. 9: 993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph14090993